When problems arise with the oral cavity, it is extremely difficult to ignore such unpleasant changes. For this reason, the prevention of periodontal diseases and their subsequent treatment will always be relevant. After all, diseases of this group are quite common, both in adults and in children.
What is the essence of the disease
For a better understanding of this problem, you need to pay attention to several key concepts. You can start with periodontal.
This term is used to refer to tissues adjacent to the tooth and securely fixing it in the jaw. In fact, we are talking about the periodontal ligament (connects the bone hole and the root of the tooth), gum, bone tissue, alveolar processes and the cement of the tooth itself. To pay attention to the various constituent tissues makes sense for the reason that such a disease can affect each of them individually.
As for the process itself, which has a devastating effect on the elements of the oral cavity, in most cases it is inflammation of the entire structure or tissues of the gingival margin.
By their nature, diseases associated with gums and teeth can be tumor, dystrophic, or inflammatory.
It should be understood that periodontal disease is one of the most common problems that patients come to dentists with. Having studied the WHO data, one can find out the following fact: diseases of this kind in children found in 80% of cases in many countries of the world. Adults are also quite often forced to deal with diseases of this group.
Causes
Of course, problems with gums and other tissues of the oral cavity do not arise on their own - certain processes contribute to their appearance.
As for the specific factors related to the etiology of diseases of this group, they can be divided into two key categories: local and general. In fact, we are talking about plaque, trauma, subgingival and subgingival deposits of tartar , prosthetics defects, crowding of teeth, anomalies in the attachment of frenum of the tongue and lips, etc.
Any periodontal disease often a consequence of an imbalance in the biological system (plaque and oral fluid condition).
Speaking more specifically about general factors, it is worth highlighting the lack of vitamins of groups B, C, E. Their deficiency has a negative effect on the structure and function of periodontal tissues. The lack of the necessary vitamins can cause problems such as a violation of protein, phosphorus-calcium, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Do not exclude the risk of organic and functional changes in the digestive, nervous, vascular, endocrine, as well as the nervous systems of the body.
It makes sense to pay attention to the fact that periodontal disease can be caused by such problems as a hereditary predisposition, blood diseases, allergic reactions, changes in the reactivity of the body, immunodeficiency, and disruption of the hormonal system.
Periodontal disease
The basis of this disease is an atrophic-dystrophic process in periodontal tissues. The course of such a disease can be characterized as slow, without vivid symptoms.
In most cases, periodontal disease is manifested through exposure of the roots of the teeth or a visual increase in their length due to subsidence of the gums. Sometimes patients can feel pain in the teeth and itching in the gums.
Treatment and prevention of periodontal disease in this case comes down to a symptomatic effect through special treatment agents. It can be “Fluogel”, “Ftorlak”, etc. As a result, increased tooth sensitivity is removed. Your doctor may also prescribe gum self-massage. This is done in order to conduct correction of trophic disorders. In some cases, vestibuloplastic surgery is relevant, but the effect of their use cannot be long-lasting. Filling of wedge-shaped effects is not excluded.
Entiotropic treatment is not used, since the reasons for the development of periodontal disease are still not clearly understood.
Periodontitis and gingivitis
If we talk about such a manifestation of problems associated with the tissues of the oral cavity, such as periodontitis, then it is worth noting that this is an inflammatory disease in which all types of tissues in the jaw area are affected. For this condition, the appearance of progressive destruction of the alveolar processes of the jaw bones, as well as the destruction of the gingival junction, is characteristic.
As for gingivitis, it can be described as an inflammatory process that affects only the gingival tissue. This means that only superficial gum tissue is affected.
It is worth knowing about the following fact: these forms of the disease often turn out to be interconnected. The bottom line is that the inflammation that appears in the gum tissue, over time, can affect other elements of the periodontal structure. For this reason, you should not ignore a diagnosis such as gingivitis, since subsequently it can lead to a much more tangible problem.
Finding out the causes of periodontal disease, it should be noted the influence of a whole range of factors, both external and internal. So, with regard to gingivitis, most often a neglect of oral hygiene leads to a similar state, leading to the deposition of tartar and the accumulation of plaque.
This means that when performing elementary preventive measures, a serious enough problem can be prevented.
Atrophic gingivitis
Continuing to consider the features of periodontal diseases, it is worth paying attention to this form of the disease. It develops against the background of a chronic inflammatory process affecting both the entire dentition and individual teeth.
In this case, the mucous membrane acquires a pale pink color, and the gingival papillae are completely absent or smoothed. In this condition, the patient does not feel much discomfort. Complaints are usually associated with mild pain or mild itching in the gums.
Chronic gingivitis
The classification of periodontal diseases also includes such negative changes in the condition of the tissues of the oral cavity.
A similar problem is most often fixed in patients with a pathology of the digestive or cardiovascular system. The causes of the development of the disease include immunodeficiency conditions, as well as the influence of environmental factors, including production ones. We are talking about chronic poisoning with lead, mercury and other harmful elements. Therefore, it is important to pay attention to working conditions and not to take lightly the possible risks of negative effects on health.
The pathogenesis of periodontal diseases of this type is that after exposure to an unfavorable factor on the tissues, bleeding of the gums appears during brushing and eating solid food, as well as bad breath and burning sensation.
To eliminate chronic gingivitis, it is necessary first of all to neutralize the factors causing the development of the disease. Attention should be paid to professional oral hygiene. A full-fledged competent diet, detoxification of the body and constant consumption of water will be relevant.
Ulcerative necrotic gingivitis
This is another form that periodontal inflammatory diseases can take. This state is preceded by dysbiosis, decreased body resistance, hypoavitaminosis, flu, hypothermia, immunological problems, various stressful situations and tonsillitis.
It will not be superfluous to know that in the case of the development of gingivitis against a background of blood diseases, it is necessary to conduct differential diagnosis.
Treatment involves the rapid elimination of the focus of inflammation and the necessary measures to stop its effect on the remaining tissues of the oral cavity. It is also worth paying attention to reducing general intoxication. As measures that have a local effect, you can use the removal of necrotic tissues, anesthesia and treatment with antibacterial drugs of a wide spectrum of action of those parts of the gums that were affected.
Do not forget about prevention: to prevent the re-development of the disease, it is necessary to avoid the occurrence of infectious diseases and not delay the treatment of teeth with obvious problems.
Focal juvenile periodontitis
Those who are interested in the classification of periodontal diseases should pay attention to this form of inflammation without fail.
The essence of this problem is reduced to selective damage to the supporting apparatus of the first permanent teeth. Actinomycetes bacteria provoke such a disease. In the vast majority of cases, this problem is felt in those children whose parents are carriers of the microorganism mentioned above.
The inflammatory response is minimal, but suppression of the immune system reactions occurs. Over time, specific antibodies are formed in the child's body, which allows the following permanent teeth to remain protected.
Treatment of periodontal diseases of this type boils down to the use of antibiotics for 21 days or more, as well as local interventions. Speaking about the long-term use of antibiotics, it is worth noting that this measure is necessary, since harmful microorganisms penetrate not only into the periodontal groove, but also into the periodontal pocket and even deep into the bone structures and tissues. Such a negative state is quite persistent, therefore, exposure is required for a long time.
Drug-resistant and rapidly progressive periodontitis
This problem is a consequence of the influence of specific microflora of several species. If several types of pathogens are simultaneously affected, then the effect of each of them is enhanced, which leads to tissue destruction and suppression of the immune response.
Given the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases of this type, the most effective treatment strategy will be intensive antimicrobial therapy (at least 3 weeks) and thorough machining of periodontal pockets.
Surgical intervention is also possible. In this case, it will be relevant to conduct patchwork operations, which are done only after the patient undergoes a full course of antimicrobial therapy.
In order for the treatment to be as effective as possible, it is necessary to initially conduct a microbiological analysis of the contents of tissue biopsy specimens and periodontal pockets.
Periodontal tumor
Such diseases are made special by the fact that they are extremely difficult to predict due to the development of this disease exclusively in people who initially have a predisposition to such manifestations.
As a factor provoking the development of tumor and tumor-like lesions, hormonal changes can be determined. This may be, for example, the accumulation of growth hormone during pregnancy or puberty. The causes of the appearance of tumor lesions include inflammation preceding the disease, or the influence of a traumatic factor of a chronic nature.
Recently, doctors have fixed another reason for the manifestation of such a pathology as tumor lesions of the periodontium. We are talking about the active use of anabolics, which young people often use during bodybuilding and other power sports.
Methods of treating periodontal diseases in the case of this pathology are reduced to the elimination of inflammation and trauma (if any), and, if necessary, the removal of overgrown tissues by surgery. Surgery is the most relevant method for diagnoses such as “hypertrophic gingivitis”, “gum fibromatosis” and “interroot granuloma”.
After the operation, it is important to carefully follow the rules of oral hygiene and apply antibacterial, as well as special antiseptic rinses.
Diagnosis of periodontal disease
In the process of diagnosis, the degree of nature and prevalence of the process, as well as the clinical picture as a whole, are taken into account.
If we are talking about periodontitis, then the differential diagnosis in this case will be focused on identifying the three main symptoms, with which you can determine the severity of the disease. We are talking about bone resorption, pathological tooth mobility and the depth of the gingival pocket.
Acute and chronic forms are identified through a commonality of the following symptoms: edema and hyperemia of the mucous membrane of the alveolar bone, pain in a particular tooth during compression or chewing of food, infiltration and worsening of the patient as a whole.
As a hallmark that indicates periodontal disease of this type, it is possible to determine abscesses that manifest in different places. First one passes, and after 5-7 days another appears. The place of their localization is close to the gingival margin, but there is no communication with the periodontal pocket.
The definition of various forms of gingivitis has been presented above. But as for the diagnosis of traumatic nodes, in this case, in addition to the degree of periodontal lesion, it is necessary to establish the etiological factor. For these purposes, a standard survey and a survey method are suitable. After that, you will need to pay attention to the pathogenesis of the disease.
Treatment
In principle, the diagnosis and treatment of periodontal diseases boils down to identifying specific symptoms, determining the form of the disease, its features and then neutralizing inflammation along with painful symptoms.
But, depending on the situation, methods for overcoming the disease may have certain differences.
It is also worth understanding that the key goals of treatment are the restoration and preservation of the chewing function, the normalization of aesthetics and the neutralization of the negative impact of pathological processes on the body as a whole, and on periodontal tissue in particular.
It is difficult to single out a separate method of influencing the problem as the most relevant, since only a comprehensive treatment of periodontal diseases can give the desired result.
It is important to know that there are a number of basic principles on which the process of overcoming the disease is built. This is individuality, complexity, pathogenetic, as well as etiotropic therapy. A series of measures of a restorative nature completes the treatment process.
As for the key tasks that clinical periodontology provides, they look like this:
1. Pathogenetic rationale.
2. Impact on the microbial (etiological) factor.
3. Measures aimed at preventing the progression of the destructive process.
4. Therapeutic effects on the whole organism and periodontal tissues in particular. The essence of entiotropic therapy in this case is to eliminate the underlying cause of the disease.
5. Restoration of the functional and morphological characteristics of the periodontium.
At the moment, many different antimicrobial agents are available that have the desired degree of exposure, which are presented in a variety of forms (threads, gels, elixirs, plates, ointments, etc.). But it is important to understand that the unsystematic use of such drugs can aggravate periodontal disease in children and adults, causing the development of oral candidiasis and a violation of the microbiocenosis of the oral cavity.
For this reason, after a professional diagnosis, a treatment plan should be drawn up by a qualified doctor who is able to take into account all the individual characteristics of the patient with periodontal pathology. Such features include the limitation of the disease, the general condition of the patient, the treatment that was carried out before, its results and other factors.
An example is the effect on catarrhal gingivitis. First of all, the patient is taught the correct oral hygiene, after which the elimination of local irritating factors is performed. This can be a filling of teeth affected by caries, with the restoration of contact points, as well as the removal of dental plaque.
The next stage of treatment, which will help eliminate periodontal disease, is the local anti-inflammatory therapy, during which the use of herbal remedies is used. Physiotherapeutic treatment in the case of catarrhal gingivitis will improve microcirculation. For this reason, the patient may be shown electrophoresis, gums hydromassage and other procedures.
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Summary
Prevention of periodontal diseases and treatment of this pathology is an important topic for many, since diseases of the tissues of the oral cavity bother people of various age categories quite often.
In order not to encounter gingivitis, periodontitis and other similar ailments, you need to adhere to the rules of oral hygiene on an ongoing basis and take care of the condition of the body as a whole. If the first signs of the disease were noticed, it is better to go to the doctor immediately, then there are chances for a quick neutralization of the problem.