Acute posthemorrhagic anemia occurs in almost 80% of cases of this disease. It occurs as a result of severe blood loss. Anemia is characterized by a lack of elements containing iron. At the same time, the number of red blood cells decreases, and hemoglobin remains unchanged.
Acute posthemorrhagic anemia (ICD 10 D62) refers to the complication of the abnormal course of diseases in the postoperative period of gastric, gynecological and cardiac pathologies, as well as blood diseases. If such a violation occurs, you must definitely visit a doctor for diagnosis and treatment.
Feature of this disease
Acute posthemorrhagic anemia (ICD code 10 D62) refers to a very complex disease that poses a real threat to human life. It develops extremely rapidly, proceeds severely and can ultimately lead to the death of the patient. If such a problem occurs, you should definitely consult a doctor.
A critical loss of blood volume of 500 ml is considered. It pretty much worsens the quality of human life. Constant bleeding may also indicate the development of gynecological, cardiological and gastroenterological problems.
Stages of the disease
Doctors distinguish 3 stages of acute posthemorrhagic anemia, namely:
- vascular reflex;
- hydremia;
- bone marrow changes.
Let's consider each in more detail.
The vascular-reflex stage implies the inclusion of compensatory defense mechanisms. There is a decrease in pressure, tachycardia, pallor of the skin, shortness of breath.
The second stage of acute posthemorrhagic anemia, or hydremia begins in about 3-5 hours. From the intercellular space in the liquid fluid. This stage lasts 2-3 hours. In the blood, the number of red blood cells and hemoglobin sharply decreases.
Bone marrow changes occur from 4-5 days after injury. This is due to the occurrence and progression of hypoxia. Treatment and full recovery takes at least two months.
Causes of occurrence
The direct cause of acute posthemorrhagic anemia is hemorrhage, which can be internal or external. The disease manifests itself in such cases:
- violation of the integrity of large veins and arteries;
- heart rupture with a heart attack;
- rupture of aneurysm;
- hemorrhage in the lungs;
- ectopic pregnancy with rupture of the fallopian tube;
- heavy menstrual bleeding;
- rupture of the spleen;
- severe bleeding of the digestive tract.
In a newborn, acute posthemorrhagic anemia (ICD 10 D61.3) can occur as a result of birth trauma or severe placental bleeding. Sometimes the disease is diagnosed during pregnancy.
Main symptoms
Acute and chronic posthemorrhagic anemia differ somewhat in symptomatology, degree of blood loss, and also the characteristics of the human body. From the very beginning of severe bleeding, the human body uses all the resources to compensate for the loss. The production of cells that precede red blood cells increases dramatically.
The walls of the vessels are spasmodic, limiting the flow of blood to the muscles and skin. At the same time, the adrenal glands, heart and nervous system are provided with nutrients for the longest possible time. Among the main symptoms of acute posthemorrhagic anemia are the following:
- the pulse of a person becomes faster;
- breathing becomes shallow and harsh;
- the skin turns pale;
- weakness appears in the limbs, dizziness, tinnitus;
- feces are painted in red or dark brown.
This phase of anemia involves an instant reaction of the body to blood loss. In duration, it takes about 12 hours, and after that it proceeds to the next stage.
At this stage, the body extracts the maximum number of red blood cells, and interstitial fluid passes into the vessels. The filtration properties of the kidneys are compensated, since water retention in the body is required, which leads to a decrease in the amount of urine excreted. Red blood cells are distributed in plasma, resulting in a decrease in the amount of hemoglobin.
If blood loss is very strong in acute posthemorrhagic anemia, then hemorrhagic collapse develops. At the same time, the pressure drops very sharply to critical indicators, surface and rapid breathing, filamentous pulse. Strong muscle weakness is observed until the complete cessation of motor activity, loss of consciousness, vomiting and cramps are possible.
The lack of blood supply gradually causes oxygen starvation in organs and systems. Death occurs due to cardiac arrest and breathing. A sign of internal bleeding is dry mouth. Against the background of severe intoxication of the human body, temperature can rise. The patient complains of pressure on the internal organs.
Which doctor to contact
In acute posthemorrhagic anemia, the causes, pathogenesis and blood picture can be very different, which is why when the first signs of such a problem occur, you need to call an ambulance for diagnosis. The sooner help is provided to a person, the higher the probability of a successful cure. Consultation of a surgeon and traumatologist is required.
In addition, consultation with a gastroenterologist, proctologist, hematologist and gynecologist may be required. The doctor at the first appointment listens to all complaints of the patient. After the examination, the doctor asks several clarifying questions, namely:
- when the signs of the disease first appeared;
- whether there were similar problems before;
- Do chronic diseases bother you?
- whether there were other complaints;
- whether a person is taking medication.
The survey allows you to compile a complete clinical picture of the course of the disease. It also allows you to find the true cause of anemia. The doctor must refer the patient for examination to confirm the diagnosis.
Diagnostics
Diagnosis of acute posthemorrhagic anemia consists in determining the main signs of the course of the disease and the source of constant hemorrhage. It includes laboratory and instrumental studies, in particular such:
- hemogram;
- electrocardiogram;
- biochemical analysis of urine and blood;
- ultrasonography;
- puncture of the brain and bone marrow.
When conducting a patient examination, the doctor should pay attention to low blood pressure, rapid breathing, a barely noticeable pulse, heart murmur, and heart rhythm disturbance. The blood picture of acute posthemorrhagic anemia shows a decrease in the total number of red blood cells and hemoglobin. In this case, control of the amount of urine, electrolytes, platelets, pressure is required.
Puncture of the brain substance with its subsequent examination is required only if it is not possible to establish an accurate diagnosis. In this type of study, an increase in the activity of red cells of the brain substance in the bone is noted.
During the diagnosis of internal hemorrhages, acute biological fluid deficiency syndrome and laboratory analysis parameters are important. In addition, centers of blood formation are observed in the internal organs, which is considered an anomaly. The amount of iron is reduced. With external bleeding, it is very simple to make a correct diagnosis.
Treatment features
Treatment of acute posthemorrhagic anemia can have certain differences, it all depends on the stage of the course. If a person has been diagnosed with this disease, then he is urgently hospitalized. All efforts of the doctor are aimed at eliminating bleeding. For this, it can be carried out:
- dressing;
- suturing of blood vessels;
- increased blood coagulation;
- resection and suturing of damaged organs.
Subsequently, acute posthemorrhagic anemia may not require any treatment at all, since the body will independently restore the lost blood. This occurs in the case of activation of their own blood reserves, which are in the lungs, liver and spleen.
If a person has lost a lot of blood, then he needs an urgent transfusion. In severe conditions, the patient may also be administered:
- B vitamins;
- blood substitutes;
- iron preparations;
- electrolyte solutions.
All these medicines must be taken in combination with ascorbic acid. Thanks to this, iron is absorbed by the body much faster. Tissue acidosis is eliminated by applying a soda solution. Despite significant blood loss, the drug “Heparin” is prescribed to eliminate thrombosis. The patient is connected moistened oxygen to the breathing tubes.
Without fail, support for immunity is required during the recovery period, as people with this disease are susceptible to infection by various microorganisms. For this you need to take vitamins and immunostimulants.
Feature of the course of the disease in children
Acute posthemorrhagic anemia in children is quite common. It occurs due to injuries received during childbirth, as well as frequent blood sampling for analysis. In older children, worms can provoke this disease.
The symptomatology of hemorrhages in infants manifests itself within half an hour, and in older ones, every other day. Among the main signs of the course of the disease, it is necessary to highlight:
- lack of appetite;
- lethargic, apathetic state;
- growth and weight retardation.
The first sign may be a change in taste. In addition, behavioral characteristics change, moodiness, tearfulness or, on the contrary, apathy appears. In addition, the baby’s nails become brittle, the skin is dry, and the surface of the tongue is smooth.
First aid is to hospitalize the child and eliminate hemorrhages. Initially, a group is determined, then blood substitutes pour in. During therapy, maintenance of cardiac activity is required. A vitamin and protein diet is prescribed.
Feature of the disease in pregnant women
Acute posthemorrhagic anemia during pregnancy indicates dangerous complications. These include placental hematomas, exfoliation, rupture of the umbilical canal.
In this case, when the first signs of the disease appear, you need to see a doctor for diagnosis and treatment.
Nutrition for Anemia and Folk Remedies
Depending on the pathogenesis of acute posthemorrhagic anemia and the course of the disease, the doctor selects treatment separately. Be sure to initially eliminate the cause of bleeding. After drug therapy, a long recovery of the body is required. To replenish hemoglobin, a specially selected diet is prescribed. Its main goal is to provide the body with useful trace elements and vitamins, therefore, nutrition should be high-calorie and balanced, but with a minimum fat content.
In the patient's diet, there must be products with iron content, namely the liver and lean meats. To enrich the diet with microelements, protein and beneficial amino acids, cottage cheese, fish and eggs are required. The main suppliers of vitamins are freshly squeezed juices, fruits and vegetables.
The loss of fluid can be made up by consuming at least 2 liters of water per day. To restore strength and support the body, you can use traditional medicine.
You can drink tea of rosehip berries as tea, to which strawberry leaves are additionally added. Squeeze the juice from beets, radishes and carrots, mix in equal proportions. Pour into a dark container, cover with a lid and simmer in the oven for 3 hours. Drink juice for 1 tbsp. l daily 3 months. With blood loss, the immune system suffers greatly, therefore, to strengthen it, you need to take decoctions based on ginseng, echinacea, marshmallow, lemongrass.
Forecast
The prognosis for acute posthemorrhagic anemia largely depends on how much blood was lost. A 10% reduction in its volume is tolerated quite easily. Loss of 1/5 of the blood negatively affects the well-being of the patient. Reducing it by a third threatens the death of the patient.
Untimely provision of medical care can lead to the emergence of a more severe form of anemia, as well as the attachment of concomitant infectious processes. In the absence of treatment and further progression of hemorrhage, hemorrhagic shock may develop. This condition leads to acute hypoxia. Insufficient blood supply to the brain with oxygen can provoke paralysis of the respiratory center.
Possible complications
In the course of acute posthemorrhagic anemia, the blood picture is generally not very good, since its significant loss occurs. Its total amount in the body is 3.5-5 liters. Circulating through the body, it performs many different functions, namely:
- distributes oxygen and nutrients;
- transfers hormones to sensitive organs;
- removes decay products from tissues;
- participates in the process of recovery and healing;
- maintains a constant temperature;
- includes immunity to external threats.
If the amount of blood decreases by more than 10%, the patient clearly senses this. There is a decrease in all its basic qualities.
From the very beginning, brain tissues that experience oxygen starvation suffer. Then more serious disturbances in the functioning of the internal organs arise.
Prevention of this pathology
Properly selected preventive measures will help prevent the development of anemia and its relapses. With the transition of the disease to the chronic stage, it is necessary to constantly monitor your well-being, undergo examination and take medication. If the doctor insists on the operation, then you do not need to refuse it, as this will eliminate the cause of anemia.
In the diet of adults and children, products containing vitamins, iron, as well as trace elements required for the body, are necessarily included. Pregnant women need to be registered on time, as this will detect anemia and prevent the occurrence of complications that are dangerous to the health of the woman and the newborn baby.
If the baby has been diagnosed with this dangerous pathology, then it is recommended to continue breastfeeding. Such a child needs to provide good nutrition, a healthy, favorable environment and timely feeding. Regular walks are important to normalize well-being, and medications should be given only as directed by the doctor.
To prevent the development of dystrophy, as well as rickets, you need constant monitoring by a pediatrician. Particular attention is paid to children born to women with anemia and being breastfed. Also at risk are babies from multiple pregnancies, slowly gaining weight, prematurely.
We must not forget about safety measures, as this helps to reduce the risk of injury. If it was not possible to avoid damage, then to prevent significant blood loss, you should immediately consult a doctor.
Posthemorrhagic anemia can be cured if the signs of the disease are recognized in a timely manner and a doctor is visited. This will restore the blood structure without consequences and normalize well-being.