Dysplasia is most often a congenital pathology that develops during fetal development. But it happens that it appears after birth, and in adults. The abnormal development of human cells and organs is characteristic of it. From the Greek language the name "dysplasia" is translated - "forming disorders." Pathology can be both hidden, not affecting a person’s life, and explicit, seriously undermining his health.
Causes of dysplasia
The main reason for the appearance and development of dysplasia in humans is considered a genetic predisposition transmitted to him from his ancestors.
There are other reasons why cells and organs of an adult can change:
- Violation of the level of hormones in the body.
- Adverse environment - dust, heat, radiation, polluted air.
- Features of the human profession.
- Chronic lack of oxygen.
- The consequences of physical injury. In women, most often after a birth injury.
There is a type of dysplasia that occurs as a result of a viral lesion. This type of pathology is called cervical dysplasia and is represented by human papillomavirus.
Pathology classification
There is no separate understanding of dysplasia in medical science. Pathology is called the organ or system of the human body in which it manifested itself. For example, some specialists are involved in dysplasia of the epithelium or cervix, and others are involved in ectoderm.
There is also dysplasia of cartilage, bone tissue and joints. There is even fibro-muscular dysplasia. It is clear that different specialists are involved in each type of disease.
Moreover, dysplasia varies in location and time of manifestation. For example, a congenital pathology is called perinatal, and developed later - acquired. Accordingly, the symptoms of dysplasia are dramatically different depending on the type of pathology.
Cervical Dysplasia
Cervical dysplasia - what is this disease? This condition is caused by human papillomavirus, and it is dangerous in that if you leave the disease without timely treatment, it can go into cancer. Therefore, every woman needs to have at least a general concept of cervical dysplasia, what it is and how it manifests itself.
The danger of this condition lies in the fact that it may not occur for many years, since the immune system successfully copes with the growth of the virus in the blood. But if only a woman suffers any serious illness that weakens the immune system, then cervical dysplasia gets a chance for development. It was noted that patients who smoke and drink alcohol have signs of cervical dysplasia 4 times more often than healthy women. This is due to the fact that bad habits significantly weaken the human immune system.
As such, this type of pathology does not have symptoms. Sometimes the color and consistency of secretions only slightly changes, but this is only if an inflammatory process occurs in the uterus. In rare cases, growths on the cervix create discomfort and cause pain during intercourse. In general, cervical dysplasia is diagnosed accidentally during a routine examination by a gynecologist.
Severity of cervical dysplasia
Symptoms of cervical dysplasia are determined by the severity, that is, the depth of infiltration of the affected cells in the epithelial layer.
In the first degree, the penetration depth of the affected cells is small - about a third of the entire wall thickness of the cervix.
The second degree is characterized by the penetration of cells into the thickness of the epithelium by about half. But at this stage of the development of the disease it is impossible to distinguish the first degree from the second, the fault is the weak instrumental and laboratory base.
Usually the transition from the first degree to the second takes about 5 years, sometimes more.
With the third degree, a complete defeat of all layers of the epithelium is observed. And if the affected cells penetrated through the lowest, basal layer, the development of cancer is assumed.
Therapy of cervical dysplasia of the cervix
The choice of treatment for this pathology depends on the symptoms of endometrial cervical dysplasia and the vastness of the affected area.
In addition, the age of the patient, her general condition, and most importantly, whether she is going to give birth in the future or not, matters.
There is only one goal in medical procedures - removal of the affected tissue, but there are several methods for achieving this result:
- Burning affected cells with high-frequency electricity.
- Cell destruction by freezing at extremely low temperatures. This is achieved using liquid nitrogen.
- Removal of affected cells with a laser beam.
- Destruction of the structure of diseased cells by radio waves of a certain frequency.
- Clipping the affected area with a surgical method.
- Complete removal of the affected organ.
After surgery, a woman undergoes a course of treatment aimed at strengthening the immune system in order to avoid the likelihood of relapse, since HPV is still considered incurable. But with proper therapy and a healthy lifestyle, he does not manifest himself in any way until the end of a person’s life.
Connective tissue dysplasia
Connective tissue cells are present in all organs of the human body. This is the only cell that fills the voids in the intercellular space with a sticky substance.
Symptoms of soft tissue dysplasia in children are manifested in childhood, and so varied that often doctors over the years of development of the baby can not understand what the root of the problem is. For example, an orthopedist sees problems in the development of the lower extremities, and the therapist notes general weakness and frequent colds. Other specialists also find deviations and, to the best of their ability, try to treat them.
But the problem lies much deeper - dysplasia touched the connective tissue in the period of intrauterine development. That is why the symptoms of a disease of this type outperform all other types of pathology.
Symptoms of connective tissue dysplasia
Symptoms are manifested in almost the entire system of the child's body:
- First of all, you need to pay attention to the child’s bone system. The ribs of the baby give the chest a keeled or funnel shape. The spine is bent, the hip joints are poorly developed, the bones are fragile and brittle. In this case, the joints of the limbs acquire abnormal mobility, the child easily turns his arms and legs almost 180 degrees. Most often, the symptoms of this type of dysplasia are manifested in the child’s legs - knee bending, flat feet, clubfoot, and so on.
- In the muscular system of the body, pronounced weakness is observed, accompanied by frequent tears and sprains. Fatigue increases, sleep is disturbed, a person suffers from frequent dizziness, severe pain occurs behind the sternum, in the region of the heart. Pain in the limbs and back almost all the time is also one of the symptoms of connective tissue dysplasia. In addition, a person has a constantly low blood pressure.
- The organs of vision undergo irreversible changes, such as myopia, dystrophy of the eye day. Various abnormalities appear in the sclera and cornea, in rare cases, a subluxation of the lens is fixed.
- Anomalies such as a shortened lingual frenum, uneven weak teeth, gum disease, and even deformation of the lower jaw appear in the area of the jaws and face.
- In the cardiovascular system, such dangerous conditions are observed as an increase in the diameter of the aorta in its upper part, deformation of the mitral valve, aneurysms in the interatrial septum, arrhythmia, tachycardia and other heart problems. All this is accompanied by a person's frequent loss of consciousness against the background of oxygen starvation.
- In the organs of the gastrointestinal tract diverticulums, hernias, poor mobility of the walls of the stomach occur. Sometimes the stomach or pancreas falls below its natural place. All this leads to constant belching and transfusion of gastric juice into the esophagus. The consequence of such conditions is gastritis and peptic ulcer.
- Symptoms of bronchopulmonary dysplasia are the presence of multiple cysts in the tissues of the lungs, hyperventilation, collapse of the lung can occur at any time. A person with such manifestations is prone to frequent diseases of bronchitis or pneumonia.
- In the genitourinary system, there are the formation of multiple cysts in the kidney parenchyma, prolapse of the kidney, and boys have varicose veins in the spermatic cord.
At an external examination, multiple stretch marks and hematomas on the skin are observed. The skin is porous and dry. A person with dysplasia often has a lack of weight and height.
Treatment of connective tissue dysplasia
The treatment of connective tissue dysplasia begins with a detailed diagnosis. The doctor needs to know what symptoms with dysplasia have been observed recently. Therefore, a detailed history and examination of the patient is carried out. To clarify the diagnosis, instrumental diagnostics using ECG, ultrasound, bone x-ray and magnetic resonance imaging are used.
Therapy of this disease is divided into medication and physiotherapy.
In the drug technique, the use of various drugs predominates, designed to normalize the patient's condition and restore the reticular metabolism. The patient takes calcium phosphorus preparations, drugs to stimulate the formation of halogen, glucosamine, chondroitin and other chondroprotectors.
It should be noted that all drugs are prescribed exclusively individually by a specialist. He is guided in the appointment and choice of dosage for the general condition of the patient, his age and many other parameters.
The physiotherapeutic course of treatment includes exercise therapy, massage, moderate physical activity, and exercise complexes are prescribed individually.
A good diet has a big impact on the patient’s condition, so a nutritionist often takes part in the treatment. He makes sure that the patient consumes an increased amount of protein and fat and, accordingly, reduces the intake of fast-digesting carbohydrates.
Be sure to contain foods containing vitamins B and C, as well as silicon, selenium, potassium, calcium, copper, manganese, iron and other minerals and trace elements.
It is advisable for children with this diagnosis to spend holidays in sanatorium complexes. There, they will not only receive physiotherapeutic treatment, but will also learn to live in accordance with the correct regimen of the day, will eat on the prescribed diet, receive fresh fruits and vegetables, and sweets and carbohydrates will be minimized. In addition, they will regularly play sports there.
For full recovery, adults are advised to monitor their emotional background, be less nervous and stress themselves. If due to professional activity this is not possible, it is advisable to change jobs.
Surgical treatment is carried out in rare cases and in conditions when another treatment does not help anymore. For example, cysts are removed surgically from the kidneys or lungs. But at the same time, the patient should undergo both drug and non-drug treatment, otherwise the re-formation of cysts is possible.
Joint dysplasia in adults
If a small child is not diagnosed with hip dysplasia in time, then with its maturity abnormal deviations from the norm will necessarily appear. This, for example, the so-called habitual dislocation of the hip joint. Joint dysplasia in adults is accompanied by weak ligaments, unable to hold the joint in place, which, in fact, leads to dislocation. In the absence of adequate treatment, lipids accumulate in the joint bag, preventing the joint from standing up. Hence, severe lameness or complete loss of walking ability.
Symptoms of hip dysplasia in adults are poor mobility, inability to raise the leg 90 degrees up or sideways, the presence of a habitual dislocation.
Joint Dysplasia Therapy
Therapy is impossible without the correct diagnosis of dysplasia, and even at an early age. And if the baby still has a chance with proper therapy, namely massage, exercise therapy, wearing tires to return the joints to the desired mobility, then in adults there is only one treatment method - surgery.
With a mild form of dysplasia, it is enough to surgically change the structure of the articular bag. In severe form, you can replace the joint with an artificial prosthesis. Usually such a severe form occurs by the age of 45-50.
Conclusion
Dysplasia is able to affect almost all systems in the human body, so the treatment of this pathology is long-term, which includes a variety of techniques and drugs. In order to reduce the likelihood of dysplasia in a newborn baby, the expectant mother should take her pregnancy more seriously at the stage of intrauterine development. It is necessary to regularly undergo an examination with a doctor using modern diagnostic technologies. To eat varied and balanced, give up bad habits, such as smoking and drinking alcohol. You can’t strive to control your weight and refuse protein and high-calorie foods. Need more walk in the fresh air. Only under such conditions will a baby be born without any physical or mental impairment, even if some kind of dysplasia was diagnosed in his parents at one time.