ICD-10 drug poisoning can be classified in different ways. There are a huge number of drugs to which a person can manifest a serious reaction. Many people who are self-medicating begin to take drugs without first consulting a doctor. In case of an overdose of one or another component of the drug, patients experience severe headaches, constipation, diarrhea, vomiting, nausea, insomnia, severe abdominal cramps and much more. If drug poisoning (code according to ICD-10 - T36-T50, depending on the substance) is quite strong, then there is a big risk of causing irreparable harm to health. Cases of fatal outcome are frequent.
That is why doctors advise you to always carefully study the instructions for a particular tool. If the dosage rules are violated, this can provoke acute intoxication of the body and the patient will need urgent hospitalization. It is also important to know how to provide first aid. Drug poisoning in children is quite common. Children see multi-colored tablets and believe that these are sweet candies. If you do not take emergency measures, the result can be very sad.
Classification of drug poisoning by the nature of the effects of toxins
Few people know that intoxication is of various types. However, depending on its variety, it is easier or harder for a person to cope with poisoning. To date, the following types of intoxication are distinguished:
- Sharp. Such poisoning is characterized by a pathological condition of the human body, which occurs due to the influence of toxins. In this case, certain clinical signs are noted.
- Subacute. This is also a pathological condition, but in this case, toxins have a multiple effect. Symptoms are more pronounced.
- Super sharp. This drug poisoning is characterized by lesions of the central nervous system. The patient begins convulsions and impaired coordination of movements. Such attacks often end in deaths. Death can occur within a few hours after the dangerous toxin enters the human body.
- Chronic Drug poisoning of this type is a pathological condition against the background of a rather long exposure to toxic substances on the human body. Chronic intoxication is characterized by pronounced manifestations.
Causes
The following factors can provoke drug poisoning:
- Wrong dosage.
- Upon appointment, the general state of human health was not taken into account.
- Failure to comply with recommendations regarding the combination of drugs with other drugs, food and alcohol.
- Taking medication without a doctor's prescription.
- Use of expired medicines or those that were stored incorrectly.
- Conscious taking drugs for the purpose of suicide.
Symptoms
The clinical picture of poisoning of this type is quite vivid, so almost anyone can understand that he has encountered intoxication. However, even knowing the principles of pharmacotherapy of drug poisoning, it is important to understand what kind of drug the body has such a reaction to. Only after determining the exact source of the pathological condition can treatment begin.
With intoxication, patients suffer from:
- nausea
- weaknesses;
- inhibited reaction;
- fainting;
- mental arousal.
However, the clinical picture may vary depending on the type of drug that caused the negative reaction. Based on this, the signs of drug poisoning may vary slightly. Therefore, it is worth considering the main groups of drugs, from which people most often begin intoxication.
Analgesic and antipyretic drugs
This drug poisoning (according to ICD-10 code - T39) is considered one of the most common. As a rule, patients start taking drugs without a doctor’s prescription. Usually, against the background of an overdose of painkillers or antipyretics, patients complain of a general depressed state.
If we talk about first aid for drug poisoning of this type, it is first necessary to provoke vomiting. The patient should drink as much fluid as possible. It is recommended to give him activated charcoal (at the rate of 1 tablet per 10 kg of human weight). After this, the person should take a horizontal position, but the head should be tilted to the side. This is necessary so that in the event of an attack of vomiting, the patient does not choke on the masses leaving the oral cavity.
Be sure to keep the packaging from the drug, which caused a similar acute reaction. Call a doctor. If the patient stops breathing before the ambulance arrives, it is necessary to produce artificial respiration and try to stabilize his condition.
Cardiovascular Medicines
This type of intoxication (ICD-10 code - T46) is also considered quite common. In this case, with drug poisoning, the patient begins quite severe diarrhea, vomiting, headaches. Heart rhythm is also disturbed. Some patients even have hallucinations. Sometimes the situation comes to a cardiac arrest.
To try to alleviate the condition of the patient, it is necessary to give him drink saline solutions. They help to provoke vomiting much faster. Thanks to this, the body will be cleansed of more toxins. However, some of them are already absorbed into the bloodstream, so you need to call an ambulance team.
Antihistamines
Sometimes, in an attempt to alleviate an allergy attack, people start taking medicines uncontrollably. Some even combine several tools at once, not suspecting that they include the same basic components. Thus, too much drug accumulates in the body. In some situations, the components are completely incompatible, which causes a rather acute reaction of the body.
As a rule, in such situations, in addition to the main signs of intoxication, patients also have dilated pupils. Some complain of hallucinations. If we talk about first aid, drug poisoning of this type (code for ICD-10 - T45) requires gastric lavage. At home, you can use an enema for this. However, this does not mean that there is no need to call an ambulance.
Tranquilizers
Drugs of this type are usually used to get rid of anxiety, stress and other types of emotional stress. Sometimes, in order to alleviate their condition, people also exceed the dose of such funds. Some even use them as narcotic drugs in order to remain in a state of euphoria.
If we talk about the symptoms, then poisoning of this type is often accompanied by tremor of the hands and feet, depression of the central nervous system, heart rhythm disturbances, general weakness. Patients begin to speak very slurred, speech becomes too long. All this suggests that a person has drug poisoning (code according to ICD-10 - T42). First aid in such situations involves washing the stomach with an enema. Additionally, you can give the patient a sorbent.
Psychostimulants
Poisoning with drugs of this group is very dangerous. If the patient takes a too large dose of the drug, then he will begin to be very anxious, he will be extremely excited both physically and mentally. At the same time, a significant blanching of the skin is also observed, but the skin becomes very hot to the touch. In addition, the patient's heart rate may increase significantly, blood pressure and body temperature increase. Severe cramps may occur.
If the patient used amphetamines, then this can lead to an extremely serious condition. In this case, he is conscious, but motor activity is completely impaired. In addition, in case of poisoning with these drugs (code for ICD-10 - T40), a person can not speak.
In this case, drug treatment of poisoning will help. The patient must take "Nifedipine." In addition, an injection of Nitroglycerin is required.
Diuretic drugs
In case of poisoning by means of this group (ICD-10 code - T50), patients have severe weakness, thirst, and dry mouth. In some situations, blood pressure rises significantly and convulsions begin.
In order to remove unpleasant symptoms, it is necessary to perform gastric lavage and give the patient activated charcoal.
Sulfonamides
In acute poisoning with these drugs (ICD-10 code - T37), a person has increased weakness, dizziness, vomiting and nausea, tonsillitis, allergic attacks. If a person has taken a too large dose of the drug, then in this case, necrosis of the mucous membranes may occur, they will acquire a bluish tint. Additionally, signs of renal failure can be noted.
If we talk about the treatment of acute drug poisoning of this type, then in addition to standard measures, you will need a solution of sodium bicarbonate, as well as taking antihistamines.
Anticholinergics
Symptoms of this type of poisoning (code according to ICD-10 - T44) directly depends on the volume of the drug that the patient took. In this case, signs of intoxication are gradually increasing. First, the patient suffers from dry mouth and redness of the mucous membranes. Later, his vision is disturbed, the pupils become dilated and practically do not respond to light.
Additionally, heart rate may be accelerated. Blood pressure begins to drop first, and then rises very quickly. If the patient has taken a very large dose of anticholinergics, then this can provoke mental disorders. In patients, delirium begins, hallucinations, some completely lose their memory. Often all these signs are accompanied by convulsions. A coma may also occur.
To alleviate the attack, it is necessary to rinse the patient’s stomach, give him activated charcoal and introduce an antidote. As a rule, aminostigmine is administered intramuscularly.
It will also be useful to consider the features of poisoning on specific components that are found in a wide variety of medicines.
Aymaline
If we talk about poisoning with this tool, then patients begin to experience severe dizziness, headaches, nausea and vomiting. Many note a violation of the heart rhythm.
To save the patient from an attack of aymaline poisoning, his stomach is washed. Also in this situation, forced diuresis is recommended.
Chlorpromazine
As a rule, with such poisoning, patients lose consciousness at the moment when they lie quite abruptly on the bed. There is also a sharp decrease in blood pressure and an increase in body temperature. Some have cramps.
In order to alleviate the patient's condition, it is necessary to immediately wash the stomach.
Isoniazid
This substance quite often causes intoxication when it is overdosed during the treatment of tuberculosis. Against this background, a person begins to have a headache, vomiting appears. Also, some have a state of euphoria, severe cramps, psychosis.
To alleviate the condition of the patient, he needs to rinse his stomach as soon as possible and give him drink activated charcoal. In some situations, laxatives are additionally used. If the patient has convulsions, then urgent ventilation of the lungs may be required.
Iodine
With such drug poisoning, the symptoms appear differently. First of all, damage to the respiratory system occurs. If a person drank iodine, then this leads to quite serious burns of the gastrointestinal tract. At the same time, patients behave quite excitedly. Additionally, vomiting of a brown or bluish tint appears. A sharp decrease in blood pressure is observed. Blood may appear in the urine. In acute poisoning, the body temperature rises sharply, paralysis or convulsions may develop.
In this situation, doctors immediately rinse the patient’s stomach. As a rule, sodium thiosulfate and a suspension of starch are used for this. You also need to give the patient as much rice and oat decoction as possible.
"Clonidine"
If a person has taken an increased dose of this substance, then he has a very strong weakness. Many note increased drowsiness, lethargy and depression. If the amount of substance in the body is too exceeded, then this can even provoke a coma. Additionally, pallor of the skin, dry mouth, lowering blood pressure, muscle weakness are observed. The patient has very narrow pupils.
With such acute drug poisoning, it is necessary to immediately flush through the probe. After this, the patient should take activated charcoal and vaulen. If the patient’s pulse slows too much, then Atropine is injected.
"Pachicarpinum"
As a rule, this tool is taken in order to stimulate labor in women. However, some ladies use the drug in order to terminate an unwanted pregnancy. To do this, they take an increased dose of the drug. However, this can never be done. Pachycarpinum is very dangerous. If a woman drinks even a little more than the required amount, there is a big chance of death.
If we talk about the symptoms of this drug poisoning, then, as a rule, intoxication manifests itself in the form of severe weakness, dizziness, dry mouth, nausea and vomiting, dilated pupils, vision problems, agitation, increased heart rate, high blood pressure. If urgent measures are not taken, the patient's condition worsens. Convulsions may begin, breathing will be difficult. In such a situation, cardiac arrest may even occur.
To save the patient, doctors not only carry out a gastric lavage, but also inject Prozerin. If breathing problems are observed, mechanical ventilation may be required.
Reserpine
In case of drug poisoning with the content of this substance, intoxication develops for a rather long time, up to 24 hours. A day (or earlier) after taking a large dose of the drug, the mucous membranes of the eyes and nose swell in the patient, the pupils narrow, the heart rate slows down. Spasms of the bronchi and a decrease in body temperature, as well as blood pressure, are also observed. Sometimes patients suffer from seizures.
In addition to standard measures for poisoning of this type, the patient is given an Atropine injection.
"Strychnine"
Even if a person takes about 0.2 g of this drug, then most likely, it will not be possible to save him. In case of poisoning, patients behave very excitedly. Additionally, they complain of severe shortness of breath, migraines, cramps in the jaw apparatus. Some begin cramping and cramping of the airways. If a person begins an asthma attack, there is a big risk that he will not wait for the doctors to arrive.
With such drug poisoning, it is necessary to give the patient a saline solution and rinse the stomach. Diphenhydramine is administered subcutaneously. Additionally, microclysters with Chloral Hydrate are used.
Diagnostics
To make a diagnosis, the doctor uses:
- Interrogation of the patient. The specialist finds out what symptoms bother him and what drugs he used.
- Inspection and clinical examination. The doctor evaluates the facial expression, the condition of the skin, eyes, respiratory and cardiovascular systems, abdomen, measures the temperature.
- Laboratory analysis data (general analysis of blood and urine, blood biochemistry, bacteriological, serological studies, drug tests).
First aid
If the first signs of acute intoxication appear, you should immediately call the emergency room. After this, it is important to monitor the patient's condition and perform a series of measures that can alleviate his condition.
If a person is in an unconscious state, but at the same time his heart rate and breathing are almost normal, it is necessary to lay him on his side or stomach. The head must be turned, so that in case of release of vomit, the patient does not choke. The patient should not be left unattended. If he begins to have an attack, then there is a risk of swallowing the tongue.
If a person is conscious, then it is necessary to produce stimulation aimed at cleansing the stomach. First of all, you need to induce vomiting. A saline solution is best suited for this. It must be given in large quantities to the victim. If drinking does not give a visible effect, then it is worth opening the patient’s mouth and pressing on the root of his tongue with two fingers. This will provoke vomiting.
After the patient’s body is a little cleansed, it is recommended to give him activated charcoal and make sure that he drinks as much water as possible. When a person has severe diarrhea or vomiting, severe dehydration occurs. Therefore, it is important to prevent this condition.
In addition, it is recommended to attach a towel dampened with cold water to the head. This will slightly alleviate the condition of the victim of drug poisoning.
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- At the next stage, the patient falls into the so-called superficial coma. A sharp drop in blood pressure is added to all the symptoms described above. In this case, the patient does not react to external stimuli, convulsions begin.
- The third stage is characterized by a deep coma. In this condition, the patient does not respond to any stimuli, muscle atony sets in. This means that a person is not able to close his eyelids independently, swallow movements or cough. If at this stage there is a violation of respiratory function, then there is a high risk of cerebral edema. In the absence of the necessary treatment, the patient may die from suffocation.
- If a person has survived to the fourth stage, then he regains consciousness. However, this is only possible if the dose of opium was small and the body of the victim was able to independently resist poisoning. Normal breathing is gradually restored, blood begins to circulate faster. However, the motor abilities of the eye muscles remain very weak. At the same time, a person behaves emotionally unstable, he becomes too active and suffers from insomnia. In some situations, after the fourth stage, a period of so-called withdrawal occurs in patients. Typically, this happens if, in order to bring the patient to life, doctors used an opiate antidote.
Medical assistance for opiate poisoning
Having found the patient, in no case should you perform any manipulations until the arrival of specialists.
The doctor introduces opiate antagonists to the patient. As a rule, the role of this drug is Naloxone. This substance can quickly neutralize hazardous components. If a person has stopped breathing, but this is not associated with taking opiates, then in this case these measures will be ineffective.
After the introduction of Naloxone, the physician must observe the patient for at least an hour.
Also, to withdraw the patient from a similar condition, symptomatic treatment is used . For this, artificial respiration or intubation procedures are performed. After this, the patient is connected to a ventilator.
Also in such situations, medications are often used. To do this, install a dropper with glucose and saline or other drugs. Vitamin B is often added to the dropper.
In some situations, the use of physiotherapeutic methods is sufficient. Sometimes gastric lavage is effective.
Useful Tips
In order to prevent acute poisoning, it is recommended to always carefully read the instructions for all drugs that a person takes. In no case should you exceed the dosage of medicines. If a person is not sure exactly how much money he needs to take, then he should not self-medicate, it is better to talk with a doctor.
Also, you need to buy any, not even potent drugs, exclusively at licensed pharmacy points. In this case, you should carefully study the package with the drug. It should not be damaged. The label indicates the expiration date of the product. After its expiration, taking medications is strictly prohibited.
It is also worth properly storing medicines. Do not put them in the sun. It’s best to find a cool, dark place for medicine. It is also important to ensure that medicines are not in the hands of the child.
Drug poisoning is very dangerous. With especially acute intoxication, a person may fall into a coma or die. Therefore, you should not provoke such a condition on your own. It is best to consult with a specialist on all matters of interest. Self-medication can lead to sad consequences, especially when it comes to potent drugs.