Dyskinesia is a violation of the motor acts of the smooth muscles of various internal organs of a person. Dyskinesia of the stomach is one of the common pathologies in gastroenterology, which is expressed in the functional violation of the motor function of the stomach.
Disease characteristics
The main function of the stomach is to take food from the esophagus, digest it and push the resulting mass further into the intestine. Therefore, a violation of his work is expressed in slowing the passage of food while reducing smooth muscle. Typically, the muscles of the stomach make wave-like movements directed from top to bottom.
And with dyskinesia of the stomach (lat. Dyskinesia; gaster), the food entering it moves in the opposite direction. As a result of improper functioning of the organ, the patient experiences unpleasant sensations: nausea, belching and vomiting.
At this time, the bile produced by the liver, after the passage of the gallbladder during contraction with the correct reflexes of the ducts, enters the stomach through a special passage - the sphincter. Here it is mixed with contents (food, etc.), so that after digestion it enters the intestines. Violation of this sequence occurs when the sphincter contracts incorrectly. This is possible with diseases of the bile ducts, liver, or dyskinesia: bile in the stomach accumulates and, when released back, enters the esophagus and oral cavity. As a result, there is a feeling of bitterness in the mouth (heartburn).
Most often, Dyskinesia is diagnosed with children and young people, as well as patients with functional and organic diseases of the central nervous system.
Causes of the disease
The development of the disease can trigger external and internal factors and diseases:
- genetic predisposition;
- diseases of the central nervous system;
- pathology in the gastrointestinal tract (cholecystitis, viral hepatitis, enteritis);
- pathology of the cardiovascular system;
- food allergies (for eggs, milk or fish);
- rheumatic diseases;
- diseases of the kidneys, lungs or endocrine glands (improper production of hormones and enzymes);
- improper nutrition (systematic consumption of dry food, quick snack, consumption of a large amount of spicy, smoked and fatty foods, carbohydrates);
- chronic alcoholism and smoking;
- stressful situations;
- improper sedentary lifestyle;
- deficiency in the body of vitamins, proteins and trace elements;
- too hot climate in the country of residence;
- as a result of prolonged exposure to radiation;
- taking medications.
However, most often the pathology of closely located organs has a sharp influence on the development of the disease:
- stomach ulcer and 12 duodenal ulcer;
- diseases of the biliary tract;
- the presence of parasites (worms) in the stomach and intestines;
- pancreatitis
- peritonitis (purulent inflammatory process);
- gastric vascular thrombosis;
- pneumonia;
- myocardial infarction;
- severe infections (typhoid fever, etc.);
- injuries to the stomach or spinal cord.
Forms of the disease
Forms of the disease are divided according to the type of gastric motility disorder:
- Hypomotor dyskinesia of the stomach - manifests itself in a decrease in the activity of this organ. As a result of this, food accumulates and stagnates undigested waste, and the process of gas fermentation and accumulation (pneumatosis) develops. It manifests itself in a fetid belching and a feeling of squeezing.
- Hypermotor dyskinesia of the stomach - is characterized by strong motor activity and the condition when the contents of the stomach and duodenum are refluxed into the esophagus, which is manifested by heartburn, sour belching and vomiting reflex due to spasms.
- Atonic form - manifests itself in a violation of the evacuation (removal) of food masses from the body, expressed by pain (severity, etc.), muscle weakness, resulting in chronic constipation and accumulation of toxins in the body.
All three forms of the disease can lead not only to digestive disorders, but also cause the body to not receive the necessary nutrients, the development of vitamin deficiency and poor health.
Classification of types of dyskinesias
The development of dyskinesia in adults and children is often provoked by a change in the volume of the stomach (prolapse, expansion), its position with the appearance of organ dysfunction.
There are two types of omissions:
- primary - with congenital anomaly;
- secondary, when the position of the stomach changes due to any factors (pregnancy, etc.).
The latter can occur for several reasons:
- in acute atony or paresis of muscles - the walls of the stomach contract / expand during pathology reflexively (with inflammation, heart attack, after surgery or as a result of injury);
- pneumatosis - the accumulation in the body of a large volume of gases due to the negative activity of bacteria, in which there is a change in its contractile function.
There are several types of gastric dyskinesia, which differ in the course and development of the disease:
- cardiospasm, in which there is a sharp reduction in the cardiac department, due to which there is a violation of swallowing function and severe pains appear in the sternum;
- pylorospasm is characterized by the appearance of spasms in the pyloric region of the stomach, as a result of which there is a violation of the evacuation of contents, which is accompanied by feelings of discomfort, belching and an acid taste in the mouth;
- tetany - the development of spasms in the form of convulsions, which provokes severe pain and gastrocardial syndrome;
- acute expansion of the stomach - occurs with a decrease in the tone of the walls with constant overeating, excessive gas formation or as a result of surgical intervention;
- aerophagy - disturbances in the work of the stomach occur due to the high speed of eating food along with air bubbles.
Symptoms of Stomach Dyskinesia
Manifestations of the disease are manifold, the main ones:
- pain and cramping in the abdomen (in the epigastric region, hypochondrium, near the navel);
- the duration of the attack can be from 2-3 minutes to several weeks;
- different pains (cramping, pressing, aching);
- manifestations of flatulence;
- regular constipation or diarrhea;
- a feeling of heaviness in the stomach;
- hiccups, belching sour, heartburn, nausea;
- vomiting profuse greenish mass, repeated periodically.
In many patients, bouts of pain or vomiting can be observed against the background of the development of stress or psychological trauma, strong emotional experiences. Symptoms usually decrease at night.
Diagnosis of the disease
To establish the exact form of gastric dyskinesia, you should consult a gastroenterologist and undergo a full examination:
- examination and palpation of the abdomen - allows you to determine soreness or expansion of the organ;
- take blood tests (biochemical), urine and feces;
- electrogastrography (in case of motor impairment) - allows you to determine the electric potentials during muscle contraction of the stomach (strong variability is manifested);
- fluoroscopy - helps to identify spasm, pylorospasm, cardiospasm, prolapse;
- ultrasound examination (ultrasound);
- gastroscopy - a visual inspection of the digestive tract through a probe with a camera;
- esophagogastroduodenoscopy (in parallel, a biopsy is taken to study tissues and determine organic disorders).
The examination allows you to determine the form of the disease, the degree and clarify the subsequent treatment.
Diet
With any form of the disease, whether it is dyskinesia of the stomach, intestines, biliary tract or other organs, it is necessary to follow a diet:
- food intake is carried out fractionally (in small portions), overeating must be excluded;
- you need to eat 5-6 times during the day;
- spicy, smoked, fatty foods, foods with spices, etc. are not recommended;
- alcohol is prohibited;
- you should limit the use of foods high in fiber (vegetables, berries and fruits, bread, cereals and pasta, legumes and nuts).
To restore normal functioning and balance, it is recommended to follow a stricter diet for two weeks, consuming food only in crushed or mashed form (meat in the form of minced meat); dilute fruit juices with water, and remove vegetable juices from the menu; add chopped greens.
How to treat stomach dyskinesia
Complex therapy includes the main areas:
- dieting;
- taking medications;
- physiotherapy, massage, physiotherapy exercises;
- phytotherapy;
- in extreme situations - a surgical operation.
The list of medications includes the following groups of drugs:
- sedatives - to restore the nervous system and normalize motility, neurotropic and psychotropic drugs are prescribed;
- M-anticholinergics - allow correction of contractile function of the stomach with hypersyndrome;
- with hypomotor dyskinesia of the stomach - a means of stimulating the contraction of the walls of the muscles ("Eufillin", "Caffeine");
- in atonic form - preparations for triggering peristalsis (Prozerin);
- special enzymes (“Acidin-Pepsin”) are prescribed as replacement therapy.
Physiotherapy in the treatment of dyskinesia
Physiotherapeutic methods have a positive effect in the treatment of dyskinesia of the stomach, helping to relieve cramping and pain.
Key events:
- electrophoresis in the stomach zone with novocaine helps relieve pain;
- mud applications;
- warming procedures (ozokerite, paraffin therapy, etc.);
- diathermy - hardware warming and stimulation of blood circulation using an alternating high-frequency electric current, which helps to restore tissues;
- mineral water baths;
- UHF and microwave.
During the treatment period, doctors advise patients to avoid all negative factors that can cause a worsening of the condition. These include primarily a violation of the diet menu and nervous tension. It is necessary to lead a healthy lifestyle, eat right and avoid any stressful situations.
Dyskinesia in children
The disease is considered rare in childhood. However, sometimes dyskinesia of the stomach manifests itself in children in the first months of life (more often in boys). At the initial stage, the disease usually does not manifest itself in any way.
Symptoms of the disease that are present in children:
- pain in the abdomen, belching with the smell of rotten eggs;
- the child completely refuses to eat;
- possible constipation;
- sudden vomiting (greenish mass);
- respiratory distress (occurs due to an increase in gas concentration and pressure on the diaphragm) - respiratory failure and pain in the chest area may occur;
- sensations of compression in the stomach.
Examination and diagnosis in children are carried out by the same methods as in adults. The treatment of the disease is carried out similarly, however, the implementation of recommendations for adherence to diet is entirely on the shoulders of the parents. You can eat your child only in small portions and often, adhering to the above restrictions and the advice of doctors.
Forecasts and reviews
Subject to all the recommendations of doctors in most cases, the prognosis for the treatment of dyskinesia of the stomach is positive. Deterioration of health can occur only if the patient has been suffering from this disease for many years and refuses to be treated.
According to patients' reviews, after completing the course of treatment, the state of health improves, all unpleasant sensations and pain go away. Subject to the rules of dietary nutrition, subsequent relapses of the disease can be avoided.