Art is a very multifaceted concept. It represents creativity in general. There are some of its types. Works of art reflect many phenomena of reality, the worldview and worldview of the authors. According to the aesthetic interpretation of the essence, the concept is interpreted as mimesis - imitation, sensual expression of something supersensible. Next, consider what kinds of art.
Aesthetic meaning
Types and forms of art are considered as a way of expressing public consciousness, a special course of the process of assimilation of the world in the spiritual and practical direction. At the same time, creativity is an organic complex of creation, human interaction and assessment of what is happening. Speaking about what types of art are, it is worth noting , first of all, such as painting, sculpture, cinema, theater and others. Many of them have certain directions. For example, there are various types of musical art. Next, we consider some types in more detail.
Painting
Speaking about what types of art are, one cannot but say about this creative direction. The history of painting goes back centuries. This creative direction has evolved from cave paintings to the latest trends. Painting is distinguished by a wide range of possibilities for the embodiment of a wide variety of ideas - from realism to abstractionism. It should be noted that decorative forms of art at various stages of history developed quite contradictory. This was mainly due to the emergence of modernist and realistic movements. At the end of the XIX-XX centuries, such decorative forms of art as underground, abstract art, avant-garde began to develop. The appearance of these currents marked a rejection of visualization. Instead, an active expression of the author’s personal attitude to reality, the conventionality and emotionality of color, the geometrization and exaggeration of images, the associativity and decorativeness of compositional solutions came. During the twentieth century, the search for technical equipment and new paints continued. Thanks to this, absolutely unlike previous types of art styles appeared. However, for example, oil painting is still considered a favorite technique of masters.
Graphic arts
It combines different types of art. Graphics is an image on a plane. It combines drawing, acting as an independent area, as well as types of printed craft. These include different types of applied art. These are woodcuts (woodcut), metal (etching), cardboard and others. Each drawing is unique and one of a kind. Graphic printed works can be duplicated, reproduced in prints - equivalent copies. In this case, each print will be an original, but not a copy of the original image. The drawing is based on all types of graphics and many other types of art. To create an image, the author often needs just simple devices: a pen or pencil and a sheet of paper. In other cases, sophisticated equipment and special tools can be used: printing press, cutters, lithographic stones, etc.
The main expressive means of graphics are contour, stroke, line, tone and spot. A separate, very significant role belongs to a white sheet of paper. Many authors achieve expressiveness using only one black color. The boundaries between graphics and painting are very arbitrary. Often, watercolors, pastels, and in some cases gouaches, are considered to be one, then other types of art. Such independent areas of graphics as a poster, computer design, book design are independent. Posters, as a rule, reflect reality and illustrate significant events. They can be sports, political, advertising, entertaining, educational and others. The graphics also use some types of applied art. These include, in particular, postcards, envelopes, calendars and more.
Sculpture
Since ancient times, there are various types of art. One of the old directions is sculpture. The name itself has Latin roots. Translated, the word "sculpture" means "carve", "sculpt". Inside this direction, many genres are used. If we talk about what types of art are three-dimensional and voluminous, then first of all it should be said about sculpture. It includes reliefs, busts, statues and more. The sculpture is divided into two types: works that are placed freely in space, and applied to the plane. The latter include high relief and bas-relief. The purpose of the sculpture may also be different. For example, it can be monumental, easel. Separately, small sculptural forms are distinguished.
As for genres, it should be noted such as household, portrait, historical, animalistic and others. Using sculptural tools, you can recreate a still life or landscape. However, the main object is considered a
person. People are portrayed in different ways. For example, it can be a bust, a head, a sculptural group, a statue. As for technology, it is quite complex and involves many stages. The material used is wood, stone and other solid substances. By cutting off the excess, a work is created.
Also, the image is obtained by using plastic mass. This process is called plastics. Here, wax, clay, plasticine, etc. are used as the material. The creation of sculptures is also carried out by casting from substances with the ability to transition from liquid to solid. Such materials, for example, include concrete, gypsum, plastic. Used in the creation of sculptures and metal. It is processed by welding, stamping, cutting, forging.
Architecture
Speaking about what types of art are, special attention should be paid to architecture. Architecture has the ability to express in human images the ideas of the world, greatness, time, triumph, joy, loneliness and more. That is why architecture is often referred to as frozen music. The task of the architect is to ensure not only the strength and usefulness of the structure, but also its aesthetic qualities. There are several currents of architecture. Not everyone knows the name of the type of art associated with the creation and reconstruction of cities. This direction is referred to as urban development. Also in architecture distinguish landscape design. Within the framework of this current, bridges, fountains, stairs for squares, parks, boulevards, arbors are created, in short, everything that is used to design the territory. The design of volumetric structures is widely developed. These include certain types of buildings: industrial, residential, public, religious and others. In a given period of history, various construction technologies and materials appeared and improved.
Due to the current level of technological development using glass, reinforced concrete, plastic mass and other raw materials, constructions of an unusual, non-standard configuration are created: in the form of balls, flowers, shells, ears, spirals and other things.
Architectural Tools
The main ones include proportionality, rhythm, scale, plastic volume. Also important are the color and texture of the surfaces. Architecture is designed to reflect the artistic orientation of the era. It differs in its figurative side from conventional construction. Architects create a space for people and their activities that is distinguished by their artistic organization. World-famous constructions and ensembles are perceived as symbols of individual cities and countries. For example, in Paris it is the Eiffel Tower, in Egypt the pyramids, in Athens the Acropolis, in Rome the Colosseum, in Moscow Red Square and the Kremlin.
Types of Musical Art
Singing is considered the main and oldest direction of creativity. It includes numerous types of folk art. In particular, these are ditties, romances, lullabies and so on. In general, types of folk art can be combined into the concept of "folklore." Among other areas, instrumental reproduction should be noted. It takes up much less space in the musical art than vocals. A rather specific area is considered to be choral singing. This is a collective performance of works. Choral singing occupied the main place at divine services, holidays, theatrical events. It was intended to strengthen in people their best qualities. It is also worth noting such a direction as chamber music. In this case, the performance (vocal or instrumental) is carried out by a small composition. Symphonic music is intended for orchestras. Among its main genres should be highlighted overture, suite, symphony.
Opera is another musical direction. It involves instruments and vocals. Opera, in fact, is a play whose parts are sung. It has a combination of three elements: words, music and stage action. Another type of musical art is ballet. It uses instrumental and dance performance. Of particular importance, as, however, in the opera, in ballet are the scenery.
Abstraction
The above briefly describes what types of art are. It should be said that this is not a complete list of areas of creativity. Next, we consider some of the tricks by which the creation of creative forms is carried out. One of the main ways of thinking is considered abstraction. As a result, the most general judgments and concepts are formed. If we touch on decorative art, then in it abstractions are a process of stylization of natural, natural images.
Representatives of some creative movements created designs that differed in logical ordering. At the same time, they echoed the search for a rational organization of images in design and architecture. An example is the
work of Malevich. In general, in the artistic activity there is a constant presence of abstraction.
Types of styles in art: realism
In the broad sense of the concept in art, this is a true, comprehensive and objective reflection of existing reality. For this, specific means are used that are inherent in one or another direction of creativity. A common sign of realism is credibility in reproducing reality. Moreover, art in this case has at its disposal a wide variety of cognitive methods, methods of generalization, reflection of phenomena.
Avant-garde
In art, this concept defines modernist, experimental endeavors. Each era was marked by the appearance of innovative phenomena, but the term itself was firmly established only at the beginning of the twentieth century. At that time, there appeared such types of art as cubism, expressionism, Fauvism, futurism and others. In all avant-garde directions, common features can be distinguished. First of all, it is a rejection of the classical norms of the image, deformation of forms, game transformations, expression and so on. All this contributes to blurring the boundaries of reality and art.
Underground
This concept is interpreted as an “underground” culture. In this case, art contrasts itself with the limitations and conventions of traditional art. Exhibitions often take place not in galleries and salons, but in the subway, underpasses, on the ground. In Russia, the underground is a community representing unofficial art.
Modern
This concept is a collective designation of the latest trends, schools, styles, activities of individual creators in the art of the twentieth century. It is close in its significance to the vanguard. Modernism was negatively evaluated by art critics in Soviet times. He was regarded as a crisis manifestation of bourgeois culture.
Kinetic creativity
This direction is associated with the use of dynamic, moving elements and structures. As an independent art form, kinetism took shape in the second half of the fifties of the last century. He was preceded by experiments on the creation of dynamic plastic in Russian constructivism. Since time immemorial, folk art has demonstrated patterns of moving toys and objects. As an example, birds of happiness from the Arkhangelsk region, imitating mechanical toys from s. Bogorodskoe. Often in kinetism, the creation of the illusion of movement is carried out using changing lighting. Techniques of this type of art are widely used in the process of organizing discos, fairs, exhibitions, in the design of public interiors, parks, squares. Often mirrors are used in compositions.
Modern expressive techniques
- Hyperrealism . This trend in sculpture and painting arose in America in the 70s of the twentieth century. Masters created an imitation of a photo on a canvas. The modern city was depicted: traffic lights and metro stations, shop windows, passers-by on the street, residential buildings. Particular attention was paid to brilliant, light-reflecting surfaces (plastic, glass, polishing, etc.).
- Raid Maid. This is one of the most common techniques of avant-garde art. Its essence is that an object of industrial production breaks out of a normal household environment and is exhibited in a gallery or an exhibition hall. The meaning of this process is to change the perception of the subject in a non-standard setting for him.
- Installation. This is a spatial composition that is created from different elements. In particular, household items, natural objects, materials, visual or textual information are used. With an unusual combination of ordinary things, objects are given a symbolic meaning. The aesthetic content of installations is enclosed in the game by semantic meanings, the change of which depends on the conditions in which the object resides - in the exhibition hall or in its usual everyday environment.
- Environmental . This is a spatial, rather extensive composition. It covers the viewer similarly to the real environment. Environmental protection is one of the forms characteristic of the avant-garde of the 60s and 70s. XX century
Finally
Art has always been and remains consonant with time. It reflects the public worldview as a whole. At the same time, art has the ability to greatly influence the masses of people. In this regard, the creator’s own attitude is of no small importance. The history of all forms of art is a constantly changing, evolving living matter. In each of the eras there was a struggle of influences, trends, old ideas with qualitatively new emerging manifestations. Nevertheless, with all the variability within a given period, all forms of art possessed relatively stable features: plastic, compositional, rhythmic, coloristic, and others that determine the style of a particular time.