Anesthetics, or otherwise anesthetics, are indispensable in medical practice. They have the ability to cause anesthesia, are painkillers. But is their use 100% justified? What are the advantages and disadvantages of these medicines? Read more about this and more.
general characteristics
Anesthetics by their mechanism of exposure are local and intended for anesthesia. Anesthetics are used for artificial anesthesia, that is, they inhibit sensitivity, pain of a different nature after administration. Pain is an extremely unpleasant sensory and emotional state that occurs when tissue damage. Painful sensations cause changes in the human body during and after the operation: metabolism, hemodynamics, breathing are disturbed. All this can lead to the death of the patient, but pain relief is used to eliminate such changes.
It is a reversible elimination of pain sensitivity. Anesthesia is a synonym for pain relief and means loss of sensation. Anesthesia causes inhibition of the central nervous system, and local anesthesia eliminates the sensitivity of a certain area on the body.
Features
Local anesthetics penetrate well through the mucous membranes, quickly act on nerve fibers, are destroyed and excreted by the kidneys. Local medicines have a resorptive effect, remove pain sensitivity, affect vascular tone - expand or narrow them. A reductive effect means that anesthetics are also antispasmodic, antiarrhythmic, analgesic, hypotensive, anti-inflammatory. All of them have five main characteristics:
- quickly penetrate into the nervous tissue;
- act long in time;
- the force of exposure increases depending on the dosage;
- fast elimination from the body;
- toxicity.
Efficiency
Anesthetics (general characteristics and types of anesthesia are discussed in the article) are not always those drugs that help the patient. Many of them are either not suitable or are used incorrectly. Demonstrating the effects of anesthetics and low temperature shows how anesthetics work. It is a well-known fact that narcotic substances and alcohol are capable of disrupting a person’s thermoregulation. The drugs in question act in a similar way.
They develop hypothermia. Specialists have learned to use this property of anesthetics for controlled hypothermia during operations on the brain and heart. Hypothermia lowers the level of metabolism, which also reduces the patient's need for oxygen. The effectiveness of anesthesia depends on several factors, which are the right choice of the drug and quality anesthesia.
When are they needed and to whom are they appointed
As a rule, anesthetics are used in medical institutions during surgical interventions for suturing, in dental offices for the treatment and removal of teeth, for anesthesia, during labor. For example, anesthetics for external use are widely used in cosmetology.
- Novocaine is often used. It has minimal toxicity, good effect. It has a positive effect on the metabolism of nerve tissues. Of the disadvantages: it does not last long, it can cause an allergic reaction.
- Prilocaine. Conducts deep local anesthesia, suitable for therapeutic blockades. Toxicity is practically absent. It can be used to treat children and pregnant women.
- Carbocaine Toxic drug, but quite strong in terms of exposure. Causes adverse reactions. Use carefully, observing dosage.
- "Lidocaine". The toxicity of the drug is minimal. Vascular and allergic reactions to the drug are practically absent. The main feature is fast acting.
Types of Anesthesia
Anesthetics are different - stronger and less. Anesthesia is a collective concept, that is, the process of suppressing pain in a patient with medication. This procedure is performed by a doctor, the choice of type of anesthesia depends on many factors: age, human health, gender.
- General anesthesia (anesthesia). This is a fairly strong type of procedure that is used during operations. Completely shuts off the patient, he becomes immune to external stimuli. Anesthesia is considered an artificial coma. For the introduction of a combination of anesthetics is used. They immobilize the patient, paralyze nerve endings, body muscles and respiratory.
- Local anesthesia (nerve block). It blocks nervous sensitivity in the area of the body where the operation is performed. In dentistry, local anesthetics are widely used. The patient does not fall into a dream, he sees and is aware of all the actions. Local anesthesia is divided into spinal, conductor, epidural, monitoring and application.
When spinal, the drug is introduced into the subdural space. During conduction, a nerve impulse is blocked. When an epidural anesthetic is injected into the epidural space. Monitoring blocks the pain, the patient relaxes. Application - a new type of anesthesia when an ointment or cream is applied to a skin area.
Local anesthetics
Local anesthetics are good because they block the feeling of pain in a certain area. These substances block nerve conduction if injected near a nerve. Localized drugs are divided into alkyd and essential. The first substances include ultracaine, trimecane, lidocaine, methivacan; to the second novocaine, anestezin, dikain.
All local anesthetics include three units. Structurally, they consist of their three units: amino group, intermediate chain, aromatic group. These medicinal substances have their own classification:
- funds that are used for surface anesthesia ("Promecain");
- medicines that are used for infiltration anesthesia (for example, Novocain);
- universal preparations ("Lidocaine").
Local anesthetics are anesthetics that lower the sensitivity of nerve endings. They slow down the processes of excitation that pass through the nerve fibers. They are able to eliminate completely painful sensations, block the transmission of nerve impulses. In pharmacology, anesthetics are defined as drugs that eliminate pain, and this is their main function.
disadvantages
Unfortunately, anesthetics are not at all safe drugs. They can cause an allergic reaction, anaphylactic shock. In addition, some of them have a serious list of contraindications and side effects. That is why the dosage should be selected only by a doctor. For example, local anesthetics have a number of significant drawbacks:
- you can not control the functions of the body in severe traumatic operations;
- lack of muscle relaxation during operations on the abdominal cavity;
- full anesthesia does not always occur;
- in patients with an unstable psyche, consciousness remains.
pros
Local anesthesia has huge advantages: it is safety, simplicity of the technique and low cost. As for painkillers, which are sold in pharmacies without a prescription, they also perform their task, effectively eliminating pain. After all, it is known that it can not be tolerated.
Anesthesia is an introduction to artificial sleep, and it is used to perform surgical intervention to completely immobilize a person, turn off his consciousness. The patient during the operation under anesthesia does not feel anything, that is, is not able to feel pain. And this is the main plus of general anesthesia.
List
Anesthetics are divided into general anesthesia and local drugs. The first group includes halogenated hydrocarbons, barbiturates, opioid analgesics, esters, and other drugs for general anesthesia. Among the funds:
- "Aerran".
- Lunaldin.
- Rekofol.
- Halotan.
- "Drug".
- "Sevoran".
- Diprivan.
- "Calypsol".
- Fentanyl.
- "Propagated" and so on.
Alkides, benzoic acid esters, aminobenzoic acid esters, and other local anesthetics belong to the second group. For local anesthesia, the following drugs are used:
- Alfacaine.
- "Novocaine buffus."
- "Anekain."
- Markain
- "Artifrin."
- "Septanest" with adrenaline.
- "Lidocaine" 2% adrenaline.
- "Naropin".
- Ubestizin.
- Ultracaine.
- "Novocaine".
- Leocaine and others.
The classification of anesthetics is discussed above.
Terms of use
Anesthetics should be administered by a specialist in a medical institution, since these are quite serious medications. For example, anesthetics for men are needed for general and selective lidocaine tests if there is a problem of early ejaculation. In the first case, the head of the penis is treated with lidocaine solution or ointment, then there will be a loss of surface sensitivity. After anesthesia, they are washed off and have sexual intercourse.
Carrying out a lidocaine test, assess the quality of the erection, the duration of sexual intercourse, the safety of orgasm and ejaculation. In the second case, a cotton pad soaked in lidocaine solution is applied to the bridle until loss of sensitivity, the product is washed off, and then sexual intercourse follows. Test results are interpreted by a physician.
Anesthetics are also administered intravenously to immerse the patient in artificial sleep. Anesthetics include some drugs that are commonly available in pharmacies. There are drugs with anesthetics for children, but they are as safe as possible.
Contraindications
Local anesthesia is performed with small operations to temporarily eliminate the pain syndrome. This type of anesthesia is used when anesthesia cannot be used. Local anesthesia has absolute and relative contraindications. The first include:
- intolerance to this type of anesthesia;
- an operation that requires controlled breathing;
- shock state.
The second are:
- nervous excitement;
- mental illness;
- spinal diseases;
- poor health, well-being;
- hypertension;
- hypotension;
- heart disorder;
- obesity;
- infection;
- childhood;
- if the patient himself refuses pain relief.
Other anesthetics have similar contraindications. When applying this or that type of anesthesia, the patient must take into account his state of health, current diseases and well-being.
Reviews
Judging by the reviews of general anesthesia, many are afraid of it. As patients write, he has both significant advantages and significant shortcomings. The benefits include:
- painless surgical intervention, which is possible after introducing the patient into a state of artificial sleep;
- complete disconnection from reality;
- deep dream;
- lack of sensitivity;
- anesthesia of 100%;
- with timely handling, the risk is minimal.
However, there are many disadvantages of anesthesia. Many patients claim that sometimes it is a risk to health and even life. The disadvantages include:
- it is difficult to get out of anesthesia;
- feeling unwell after;
- there are side effects;
- not all are well tolerated;
- low quality anesthesia;
- possible complications;
- defenselessness and lack of control;
- loss of body control;
- allergic reaction;
- difficult to catch your breath;
- hair loss.
As for anesthetics, they also have side effects and contraindications. It is unacceptable to prescribe them to yourself alone, only after agreement with the attending physician. According to patient reviews, they really anesthetize well, that is, they cope with their main task.