Diphtheria and tetanus are extremely dangerous pathologies, the course of which often ends in death. In order to form stable immunity in children and adults, the ADS-toxoid vaccine was developed. Diphtheria-tetanus purified adsorbed toxoid is first introduced in infancy. The vaccine has a high degree of protection against pathologies of the same name. In this regard, doctors do not recommend ignoring the need for drug administration.
Composition, release form
ADS-toxoid is a drug designed to form stable immunity to diphtheria and tetanus. Some confuse it with the DTP vaccine. However, these are different drugs, in addition, the ADS-toxoid does not contain pertussis component.
1 ml of the vaccine contains 2 doses. The composition of the drug:
- Diphtheria toxoid - 10 flocculating units.
- The binding units of tetanus toxoid are 10 units.
- Mertiolate - 60 mcg. This substance is a preservative.
- Aluminum hydroxide - 0.55 mg. Acts as a sorbent.
The ADS-toxoid vaccine is a suspension that has a yellowish white tint. When shaken, the drug has a uniform consistency. During sedimentation, the separation into a liquid and a white precipitate is clearly visualized.
pharmachologic effect
According to the instructions, ADS-toxoid contributes only to the formation of stable immunity. The vaccine cannot provoke the development of mild forms of pathologies and bacteriocarriers.
A feature of toxoids is that they provide the formation of immune memory. But in order to protect the body from diphtheria and tetanus, it is necessary to administer the drug several times, observing certain time intervals. In the future, you need to do revaccination with ADS-toxoid. With the repeated administration of the drug, the process of enhanced production of antibodies starts. But this only happens if the person is vaccinated fully and has never missed an injection.
Indications
ADS-toxoid is designed to activate and strengthen the body's defenses. The vaccine reliably protects against the development of diphtheria and tetanus, even when pathogens enter the tissue.
Indications for the planned administration of the drug:
- The vaccine is given to children who have previously had pertussis.
- The vaccine is administered to babies and adults who have absolute contraindications to DTP.
- The vaccine is given to children aged 4-5 years who have never been vaccinated against diphtheria and tetanus.
Routine vaccination is carried out according to the national vaccination calendar.
Emergency drug administration
Vaccination with ADS-toxoid is also carried out if there is a risk of penetration into the body through an open wound of the tetanus pathogen.
Indications for emergency administration of the drug:
- Damage to the skin resulting from the negative effects of low or very high temperatures (burns and frostbite).
- Non-drug abortion.
- Open wounds.
- Childbirth that was conducted outside a medical facility.
- Damage to the gastrointestinal tract of a cross-cutting nature.
- Torn wounds resulting from bites of domestic or wild animals.
- Gangrene and abscesses that are not treatable for a long time.
- Epidemics of diphtheria or tetanus in any region. In this case, the entire population is vaccinated.
In order to prevent the development of dangerous diseases, ADS-toxoid should be administered no later than 20 days after injury.
Contraindications
Like any other vaccine, the drug has several limitations for use.
The main contraindications:
- Severe reaction to the previous vaccination.
- The development of post-vaccination complications after the last administration of the drug.
- The presence of any disease in the acute phase. The vaccine is given at least 2 weeks after recovery or the onset of persistent remission in chronic pathologies. In mild forms of disease (for example, with rhinitis), vaccination is carried out after the disappearance of clinical manifestations.
- Pathologies of a neurological nature. Vaccination is given only if the disease does not progress.
- Allergic diseases. Vaccination is carried out at least 2 weeks after the relief of the acute phase. In this case, the clinical manifestations of the disease may persist.
The use of ADS-toxoid during pregnancy and lactation is unacceptable.
HIV infection and immunodeficiency are not contraindications for vaccination.
In order to identify restrictions, the doctor first interrogates the patient and, without fail, measures his body temperature. If contraindications are found, the person is registered, after several weeks they are reminded of the need for the introduction of the drug.
Instructions for use
The vaccine is injected into the anteroposterior thigh (i.e., intramuscularly). The algorithm of actions of a medical worker:
- Wash hands thoroughly, drain them.
- Wear disposable sterile gloves.
- Pick up the package and remove the vaccine vial from it. Wipe the neck with a cotton swab moistened with plenty of alcohol. Incise the ampoule with a special emery disc.
- Cover its tip with an alcohol cloth. Break the top of the ampoule.
- Place the used cotton products in the sanitizer tray.
- Put the opened ampoule into the beaker.
- Take a sterile disposable syringe by opening the package.
- Put a needle on the medical device, fix it well on the cannula.
- Remove the cap.
- Fill a syringe with 0.5 ml vaccine. Place an empty ampoule in a container with a disinfectant solution.
- Take a sterile napkin and release air from the syringe into it.
- Put the filled medical device inside a sterile table.
- Treat the skin in the proposed area of injection with alcohol 70%.
- Intramuscularly administer the vaccine.
- Remove the needle and again treat the injection site with a cotton swab dipped in alcohol.
- Remove gloves and place all waste materials in a container with disinfectant.
After the introduction of the vaccine, it is necessary to register the fact of vaccination. In addition, a medical institution keeps a record of complications.
Vaccination schedule
Vaccinations are given in accordance with the national calendar. But the scheme for different people may not be the same.
If DTP is considered by a doctor as an alternative to DTP, the drug is administered twice. A period of 45 days must be maintained between injections. Revaccination in this case is indicated after a year (once). The next vaccine is given at 6 or 7 years, and then at 14.
For children who have had pertussis, the drug can be administered at any age instead of DTP. Adults are given every 10 years to maintain stable immunity.
If the child received the first DTP vaccine (usually it occurs at 3 months) and has serious side effects (convulsions, encephalopathy, etc.), the next time DDS is given. The vaccine is given once with a monthly interval. Revaccination is indicated after 9 months. It can be carried out after 1-1.5 years, but only if all the previous times the child was given DTP.
If an adult has never been vaccinated, he is also given a drug. Mandatory vaccination (every 10 years) is carried out by persons whose professional activities are related to food and work with children.
Recommendations after drug administration
Doctors advise not to wait for the development of side effects and take any antihistamine and antipyretic as soon as possible. In addition, experts do not recommend wetting the injection site. If necessary, you can take a shower, but very quickly. In this case, it is unacceptable to use a washcloth and other rough objects. This is fraught with the addition of infection.
Under the ban pools, baths, saunas and baths. Against the background of these procedures, the risk of infection with pathogens and irritation of the skin is significantly increased.
Side effects
Vaccines have the highest degree of reactogenicity, in the composition of which there is a pertussis component. In the ADS-toxoid it is not. Therefore, the vaccine is tolerated much better than DTP. According to statistics, the occurrence of undesirable effects is rare, but the likelihood of their occurrence cannot be ruled out.
The following side effects are indicated in the instructions for the use of ADS-toxoid:
- Local reactions. At the injection site, swelling, redness, and thickening may occur. In addition, painful sensations often arise in the injection zone of the drug. These conditions pass independently in 2-3 days after vaccination. Their appearance is not a reason to consult a doctor. If the seal of the child is very worried, you can make warm lotions. It is allowed to stop painful sensations using any antipyretic drug suitable for age. Most often, doctors recommend offering children half the single dose of Nurofen. To speed up the process of resorption of the infiltrate, you can give the child a light massage. In addition, motor activity is indicated.
- Fever. A change in this indicator is observed quite often. As a rule, the temperature rises on the day of administration of the drug and can last up to 3 days. If it is less than 37.5 ° C, taking antipyretic drugs is impractical. At high body temperature, “Nurofen” (or “Tsefekon”) and plenty of water are indicated. It is important to know that a change in the indicator is a natural consequence of the introduction of the vaccine. So the body reacts to the penetration of foreign agents.
In rare cases, severe complications also develop. These include:
- Encephalopathy
- Cramps.
- The disorder, manifested in the form of prolonged and continuous crying.
- Impaired consciousness.
- Collapse.
- Anaphylactic shock.
- Quincke's edema.
If any of the above complications occurs, you must immediately call an ambulance team. It is important to know that signs of an allergic reaction (Quincke's edema, anaphylactic shock) appear half an hour after the administration of the drug. In this regard, doctors do not recommend leaving the clinic within 30 minutes after vaccination.
Drug interaction
ADS-toxoid can be administered simultaneously with the anti-poliomyelitis drug. Both vaccines contain aluminum hydroxide. This is what allows you to halve the number of injections.
ADS-toxoid can be administered together with other drugs. But mixing them is strictly prohibited. In addition, injections should be carried out in different places. The exception is vaccination against tuberculosis. Putting it simultaneously with the introduction of the drug is unacceptable.
ADS-M-toxoid
This is currently the only vaccine analogue. ADS is a drug that is manufactured in Russia by Microgen. ADS-M-toxoid is also a domestic vaccine. It is produced by Biomed OJSC.
According to the instructions, ADS-M-toxoid has the same composition. But the vaccine is somewhat weakened. As a rule, it is prescribed for children who have suffered not only DTP, but also DTP.
Finally
Diphtheria and tetanus are diseases, the course of which often ends in death. In order to form stable immunity in people, the ADS-toxoid vaccine was developed. It is well tolerated by most patients, since it does not contain pertussis component. However, the risk of side effects remains. As a rule, they manifest themselves in the form of an increase in body temperature and changes in the skin at the injection site. These conditions pass independently in 2-3 days.