Renal nephritis is an inflammatory disease of this paired organ, which can have various etiologies, pathomorphological and symptomatic features, as well as a developmental mechanism. It usually manifests itself in the proliferation, partial or complete destruction of renal tissue.
Why does this disease occur? What symptoms indicate its presence? What is needed for treatment? What could be the consequences? Well, this and much more will now be discussed.
Glomerulonephritis
This is the first type of disease that should be noted with attention. It is characterized by damage to the renal glomeruli. Causes of occurrence include:
- Streptococcal infection (pneumonia, tonsillitis, streptoderma, scarlet fever).
- Measles, SARS, chicken pox.
- Long stay in the cold.
Symptoms of this type of kidney nephritis appear 1-3 weeks after an infectious disease, and they represent the following phenomena:
- Changes in urine.
- Fever.
- Chills.
- General weakness.
- Nausea.
- Headache.
- Decreased appetite.
- Pain in the lumbar region.
- Pallor of the skin.
- Swelling of the face.
- Hypertension.
Chronic kidney nephritis of this type can occur in a nephrotic form (urinary symptoms predominate), hypertensive (increased blood pressure), mixed (all signs appear), latent (mild nephrotic syndrome) and hematuric (red blood cells are present in the urine).
Pyelonephritis
This is a disease of a purulent nature, the appearance of which provokes violations of the normal outflow of urine that arise for various functional and organic reasons.
Predisposing factors include immune disorders, diabetes mellitus, chronic inflammation and frequent hypothermia. In women, it often occurs after acute cystitis.
Often the disease is asymptomatic. Purulent nephritis - a kidney disease that must be treated at an early stage, in all subsequent therapy will be ineffective, since the function of the organ will already be impaired.
The ailment begins to manifest itself with a sharp increase in temperature to 40 ° C. Then the following symptoms appear:
- Profuse sweating.
- Dull, unilateral pain in the lumbar region.
- Turbid or reddish urine.
- Loss of appetite.
- Severe weakness and headache.
- Sometimes nausea and vomiting.
In a laboratory study, it is possible to identify bacteriuria, proteinuria and microhematuria. Also, leukocytosis is observed in the patient’s blood, and in 30% of cases there is an increase in nitrogenous toxins.
An untreated acute form of this disease is a common cause of chronic kidney nephritis in humans. What does it mean? That attention should be paid to the first manifesting symptoms. Since pyelonephritis can develop on both sides, and a progressive disease of this form leads to the development of renal failure, arterial hypertension and a decrease in the specific gravity of urine.
Interstitial jade
This disease is characterized by abacterial inflammation of the tubule of the kidneys and interstitial tissue. This type of kidney jade is an independent disease. It proceeds in a nosological form and has symptoms, in many ways similar to the previous type of ailment (purulent).
However, there are significant differences. So, in the case of this disease, the kidney tissue does not collapse. The disease affects the connective tissue, without spreading to the renal calyx and pelvis.
But this can not be seen with the naked eye. And the clinical picture is the same as with pyelonephritis. It is important to prevent the transition of the disease into a chronic form, otherwise a person will begin to develop fibrosis, which later forms the stroma of the organ. Moreover, the tubules die off. At the final stage, glomerular damage occurs.
If you run interstitial nephritis of the kidneys, then a person will develop nephrosclerosis. This process is irreversible and life threatening.
Beam Jade
This is a pretty rare kind of disease. Because it becomes the result of radiation exposure to which the body was exposed.
It is because of this that dystrophic changes occur in the epithelium of the renal tubules, which causes atrophy.
As a rule, this disease is diagnosed in those patients who underwent radiation therapy as part of cancer treatment, as well as those who live in an area with an increased radiation background.
Radiation nephritis of the kidneys, the symptoms of which are almost identical to the above, often has a chronic form, and almost always leads to the development of insufficiency.
Shunt jade
Another rare form of the disease. This ailment is characterized by the combination of antibody complexes near the glomeruli of the kidneys. The disease is serious because it often leads to blood clots in the renal veins. It is also characterized by a violation of the excretory function of the organ, because of which the outflow of urine is disturbed.
In simple terms, immune complexes are fixed on the renal vessels and interfere with the normal functioning of the organ.
There is a disease like glomerulonephritis. Symptoms are similar.
Hereditary jade
This is the last type of disease. Hereditary nephritis is an inflammation of the kidneys, which is a genetically determined non-immune glomerulopathy.
In other words, his appearance in the human body is associated only with renal pathologies he has had since birth. Also, according to statistics, in such patients, in addition to the peculiar structure of the glomerular basement membranes, problems with vision and hearing are also diagnosed.
It should be noted that this is not a very rare ailment, since one case occurs in 5000 people. Typically, signs of damage are detected at the age of three to ten years. This happens, as a rule, by accident - in the form of an isolated urinary syndrome. And the earliest symptom is hematuria.
Effects
Jade is a kidney disease that often goes away with complications. Especially if the person paid attention to the symptoms late, and began to be treated somewhat belatedly. Often, patients also have to deal with such concomitant unpleasant phenomena:
- Paresthesia It manifests itself in tingling and numbness of the skin.
- Cramps, muscle pain.
- Dyspnea.
- Accumulation of fluid in those places where it should not be (in the region of the heart - hydropericardium, in the lungs - hydrothorax).
- Swelling of the extremities.
- Uremia.
But the worst consequence is kidney failure. With it, all the functions of the organ are violated. And here is what happens:
- Harmful metabolic products cease to be excreted, which is fraught with intoxication.
- The osmotic blood pressure is no longer regulated.
- The process of hematopoiesis is disrupted. After all, healthy kidneys secrete erythropoietin - an active substance that activates the formation of red blood cells.
- The regulation of the content of ions in the blood ceases.
- Hormones cease to be produced, as before.
Symptoms such as skin itching, abdominal pain, bitterness and dry mouth, diarrhea, stomach and nosebleeds, hemorrhages on the epidermis, and increased susceptibility to infections usually indicate this complication.
Diagnostics
It includes the following procedures:
- Medical examination and medical history.
- Urine delivery for analysis, verification of this biomaterial according to Nechiporenko. This technique allows you to detect even hidden diseases of the urinary system.
- Conducting a urinary test according to Folgard or Zimnitsky.
- Blood donation for biochemical analysis. In this biomaterial, signs of leukocytosis, a decrease in the total protein level, an increase in the erythrocyte sedimentation rate and an increase in the level of C-reactive protein are usually found.
- Ultrasound of the kidneys. This is a classic method that makes it possible to painlessly and safely evaluate the condition of an organ and identify the presence of possible pathologies.
In some cases, the patient can be referred for MRI, CT, and radiopaque urography.
Drug therapy
Adequate treatment of kidney nephritis can be prescribed only by a doctor after an examination. What drugs will have to be treated depends on the type, form of the disease, as well as the individual characteristics of the patient.
But, as a rule, they prescribe one of the following:
- Antibacterial drugs: Cephalexin, Ampicillin, Erythromycin. They provoke the destruction of harmful bacteria in the kidneys, and therefore form the basis of therapy. After all, the most important thing in treatment is a direct effect on the cause.
- Antihypertensive agents: Zenusin, Hemiton, Isoptin, Adelfan, Triniton. They normalize blood pressure. Contraindications are cardiovascular diseases, gastric and duodenal ulcers, as well as individual intolerance to the components.
- Cardiac medications: Diroton, Enam, Captopril. They normalize the work of the cardiovascular system. Use these drugs carefully. If a person has low blood pressure, hypersensitivity to ATP inhibitors, aortic or mitral stenosis, then he is better off not taking them.
- Immunosuppressants: “Cytoxan”, “Leikeran”, “Imuran”. These drugs artificially inhibit the immune system, which helps minimize kidney swelling. But with inhibition of bone marrow functions, they should be abandoned.
- Diuretics: Spironol, Hypothiazide, Aldopur, Furosemide. These drugs help increase the rate of urine formation and its exit from the body. They can not be taken in case of liver or kidney failure, as well as if a person has increased venous pressure, there is diabetes mellitus or anuria.
In kidney nephritis, the most effective drugs are Renel H, Kanefron, Hepabel, Artibel, Urostin, and Nephrox. Also, the patient is prescribed vitamins and calcium.
If the case is severe, then the person can be sent to undergo a procedure to cleanse the blood of accumulated toxins (hemosorption and plasmapheresis).
Folk remedies
Much has been said above about the symptoms of kidney disease. Jade is a serious ailment, and you need to responsibly approach its treatment. Some even decide to supplement drug therapy with the use of folk remedies. There are dozens of different recipes, and here are the most popular:
- Seeds of carrots (3 tbsp. L.) Pour boiling water (1 l.). Let it brew for a night, then strain. Drink on an empty stomach 4-6 times a day in small portions.
- In 1 liter of boiled water, dissolve the mummy (1 g). Drink twice a day for 0.5 cups half an hour before meals.
- Boil fig fruits in milk. Strain. Drink fig milk per day for 2 cups.
- Gooseberry berries (2 tbsp. L.) Pour 1 glass of water, send to the fire for 10 minutes. Boil, add one spoonful of honey, mix. Drink 4 times a day for 0.5 cups.
- Corn stigmas (1 tsp) pour a glass of boiling water and boil for 20 minutes. Then let it brew for half an hour and strain. Every three hours, drink 2 tbsp. l
- Hop cones (2 tbsp. L.) Pour boiling water (0.5 l), let stand for 2 hours and strain. Drink 4 times a day for 0.5 cups.
- Stinging nettle (1 tbsp. L.) Pour a glass of boiled water. Let it brew for 10 minutes, then strain. Three times a day to drink 1 tbsp. l
- The crushed rhizome of calamus (1 tsp) pour a glass of boiling water. For 20 minutes, insist, strain. Drink 4 times a day for 0.5 cups half an hour before meals.
There are many other recipes. The use of folk remedies really helps to smooth out the symptoms of kidney jade. They can contribute to the treatment, but only if the doctor has approved it.
Nutritional nuances
Diet for kidney nephritis is required. But you need to start it with a few fasting days. Not the easiest time for the patient, since he will be banned from almost all food and liquid. However, this is not shown to all patients. Whether fasting days are needed or not, the doctor will say after the examination. And they are like this:
- Sugar day. A person drinks 5 cups of tea with sugar (50 g each) per day.
- Potato. It is necessary to bake 1 kilogram of tubers in the oven and use this amount in 5 equal doses for the whole day.
- Pumpkin One pumpkin needs to be baked and eaten in 5 receptions.
- Watermelon The same as in previous cases. One watermelon for 5 receptions.
Then, when a person begins to follow a diet, he will need to abandon such products:
- Fish and meat.
- Food containing sodium.
- Alcohol.
- Salt.
- Soups on fish and meat broths.
- Mushrooms and legumes.
- Everything is fried, fatty, spicy and floury.
- Chocolate.
- Confectionery fat and lard.
- Smoked meats and canned food.
- Caviar.
- Sausages, hard cheeses.
- Mustard, horseradish, onion, garlic.
You will also need to cut back on the amount of fluid consumed. The patient can drink as much as the previous day left him. The list of allowed products looks like this:
- Bread without salt.
- Vegetable soups with cereals.
- Lean meat (rabbit, veal, turkey).
- Eggs (2 pieces per day - maximum).
- Milk soups in limited quantities.
- Honey.
- Cucumbers, carrots, cabbage.
- Natural fruit drinks, juices, fruit compotes, herbal teas.
Nutrition, built on the basis of these principles, will help unload the kidneys, remove from the body under-oxidized metabolic products and waste, and also avoid poisoning by protein metabolism products.