Diabetes mellitus develops due to a violation of the exchange of water and carbohydrates in the human body. This condition provokes pancreatic dysfunction, as well as a violation of the production of insulin, which is involved in the processing of sugar. If this disease is not diagnosed in time, then diabetes can cause quite serious complications, even death. Therefore, it is so important to know how diabetes is detected, as well as what symptoms accompany this disease.
Symptoms of the disease
Signs of the disease appear depending on what kind of pathology belongs to. With newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes mellitus, the pancreas completely or partially stops producing the hormone. For this reason, the human body ceases to absorb glucose, which comes with food. Before answering the question of how diabetes is detected, attention should be paid to the fact that without drug treatment, the course of the disease is simply impossible to control.
Symptoms and signs of type 1 diabetes
Those patients who suffer from type 1 diabetes mellitus are usually under 30 years old. The first detected diabetes mellitus (ICD code - E10) is accompanied by the following symptoms:
- Increased appetite.
- Dramatic weight loss.
- Sharp mood swings.
- The smell of acetone in the urine.
- A sharp deterioration in well-being.
- Excessive fatigue.
If you do not use insulin, then type 1 diabetes can be accompanied by complications such as ketoocytosis. Due to the development of this disease, toxic compounds are formed in the human body due to the breakdown of lipid cells. Therefore, it is so important not to ignore the signs of newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus (according to the ICD whose code is E10).
Symptoms and signs of type 2 diabetes
The disease of the second type is mainly diagnosed in those people whose age is more than 35 years. To a greater extent, newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes is diagnosed in those patients who are obese. But people often ignore their problem. Statistics show that 85% of patients have type 2 diabetes mellitus. The pathology first detected at this stage is accompanied by excessive production of insulin in the human body. However, in this case, insulin is useless, as the tissues lose their sensitivity to this hormone.
This type of disease is rarely complicated by ketoocytosis. However, under the influence of some negative factors, for example, against the background of taking medication or stress, the amount of sugar in the blood rises to the level of 50 mmol per liter. This condition is the cause of dehydration of the human body, as well as loss of consciousness. Speaking about how type 2 diabetes is detected, attention should be paid to the general symptoms of this disease:
- Thirst.
- Constant feeling of dry mouth.
- Poor cell regeneration, even with minor damage to the skin.
- A sharp change in weight.
- Weakness and drowsiness.
- Disability.
- Numbness of the legs and arms.
- Decreased sexual desire.
- Furunculosis.
- Tingling in limbs.
- Itching of the skin.
- Decrease in body temperature.
Research methods
Methods for diagnosing this disease include laboratory and clinical studies. The first detected diabetes mellitus (according to ICD-10 in the second type, code E11), first of all, requires an oral history taking. To do this, the specialist examines the patient, reveals his weight and height, as well as a hereditary predisposition to such problems. Considering how diabetes is detected, you should pay attention to the fact that if the patient has two or more signs of this disease, the research continues. During diagnosis, the following risk factors must be considered:
- Overweight.
- Age over 40 years.
- Lack of physical activity.
- Polycystic ovary among female patients.
- Violation of carbohydrate metabolism in the body of a woman during pregnancy, as well as in the postpartum period.
- Frequent increase in blood pressure.
Patients whose age is more than 40 years should constantly examine the indicators of sugar in the body, at least once every three years. Those who are at risk for diabetes should be tested at least once a year.
How to detect type 2 diabetes? For this, special tests or screening are used. Thanks to such a study, pathology can be detected at an early stage of development, when the disease is not yet accompanied by characteristic signs and symptoms.
Answering the question of how to detect diabetes, it should be noted that a reliable way to diagnose this disease is to determine the rate of glycosylated hemoglobin. The level of deviation of this indicator from the norm will depend on the concentration of sugar in the blood.
The first detected diabetes mellitus (according to ICD-10, code E10 is type 1, E11 is type 2), it also implies some diagnostic methods, which will be described below.
The main diagnostic methods
Diagnostic measures of this disease include additional and basic techniques. The main diagnostic methods that can detect diabetes:
- Blood tests.
- Urinalysis
- Glucose tolerance test, for which you need to drink a special cocktail and donate blood from a finger before and after use. Thanks to this method, you can distinguish this disease from prediabetes.
- Determination of ketones in the blood or urine of a patient in order to identify possible complications of the disease or its acute development.
Other research methods
Additional methods for diagnosing the disease determine the following indicators:
- Proinsulin to study the possibility of pancreatic functioning.
- Autoantibodies to the effects of insulin.
- Indicators of hormonal background.
- HLA typing to identify possible hereditary pathologies.
- C-peptide to detect the rate of absorption of insulin in cells.
Additional diagnostic methods are required only in cases where it is necessary to determine the most effective treatment tactics, as well as when the diagnosis of diabetes is difficult. Speaking about which tests reveal diabetes, you should pay attention to the fact that the decision on the appointment of additional tests is made only by a specialist.
Preparation for glucose tolerance test
Before proceeding with the glucose tolerance test, it is necessary to conduct an oral conversation with the patient. The norm of this indicator for each patient is individual, therefore the results of this test are studied in dynamics.
First of all, the specialist should find out from the patient about the medications taken. Before proceeding with the treatment of newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus, it is necessary to pay attention to the fact that some drugs can affect the results of this study, so their use will have to be canceled for a while. If this action is impossible, and it is impossible to choose a replacement for this drug, then the results of the glucose tolerance test are decrypted, given this factor.
3 days before this procedure, the patient should also limit the amount of carbohydrate-containing foods consumed. The norm of carbohydrates per day should be 150 g. In the evening, before the test, their amount is reduced to 80 g.
Before the test itself, you must refuse to eat for 8-10 hours. It is also forbidden to drink alcohol and smoke. You can drink only non-carbonated water.
The day before the test, the patient is limited in physical activity.
After the procedure, the patient may feel slight dizziness, as well as irritation on the skin in the area where the tourniquet is applied.
Differential diagnosis
With the help of differential diagnosis, it is possible to identify the type of disease. For this, the doctor draws attention to certain signs, because different types of the disease are characterized by their symptoms. The first type of diabetes is characterized by a rapid onset, and the second type is characterized by a slow development. It is with the help of differential diagnosis that a type of diabetes is revealed : steroid, latent or gestational.
Diagnosis of possible complications
If you do not start treatment for this pathology, then it can provoke a number of serious complications. First of all, diabetes can cause ketoocytosis. This disease can develop in absolutely any patient who suffers from diabetes. The main symptoms of this disease include the following:
- Frequent urination.
- Increased glucose in the patient’s blood.
- Nausea.
- Pain in the stomach.
- Dry skin.
- Hard breath.
- Redness on the face.
Speaking about how to detect diabetes at home, as well as its possible complications, we note that when these symptoms appear, you should immediately contact a medical institution.
Another possible complication of this disease may be hypoglycemia. This condition is accompanied by the following symptoms:
- General weakness.
- Trembling in the body.
- Feeling of constant hunger.
- Hyperactivity.
- Headache.
If such symptoms are found, the patient should immediately check the glucose in his blood.
Another possible complication of diabetes is various cardiovascular pathologies. In this case, you should pay attention to the fact that there is a risk of developing a heart attack or heart failure.
Diabetes mellitus can cause neuropathy. This complication can be diagnosed by the following symptoms:
- Feeling of chills.
- Loss of limb sensitivity.
- Deformation of the feet.
- Instability of blood pressure.
- Problems during emptying of the bladder or intestines.
- Decreased sexual desire.
Quite often, patients have various kidney pathologies. To identify problems in the urinary system, you should pay attention to the symptoms:
- A sharp increase in body temperature.
- Clouding of urine.
- Frequent urination.
- Soreness in the lumbar region.
During diabetes, patients should have their urine tested regularly so that kidney function can be monitored.
The disease can also cause the development of pathologies of the visual system. Elevated sugar levels cause damage to blood vessels. That is why patients develop problems such as retinopathy or cataracts. To avoid these complications, you must regularly visit an optometrist. This specialist is able to detect diseases of the visual system at an early stage of their development.
Treatment features
Before proceeding with the treatment of this disease, it is necessary to study the medical history of newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus. It is from this that the positive prognosis of the patient's recovery will depend. The treatment methods of this disease are aimed at normalizing the metabolism in the body, reducing blood glucose, and also preventing the development of possible complications.
All patients who suffer from type 1 diabetes should constantly take insulin injections, as their body is not able to independently produce this hormone in the required amount. There are currently no other methods of insulin delivery to the human body, besides injections. In addition to this, therapy also includes dieting, individual physical activity.
Therapy for type 2 diabetes, as a rule, is based on diet and, if necessary, on the use of sugar-lowering drugs, which are available in tablet form.
Speaking about how to detect diabetes in a child and how to treat it, we note that these actions are practically no different from adults.
Dieting
When treating any type of diabetes mellitus, dietotherapy is considered an obligatory item. Therapy for diabetes mellitus detected during pregnancy also implies adherence to a diet. But for this, the nutritionist, after studying the tests, taking into account age and body weight, must write an individual nutrition program for the patient. During the observance of such a diet, the patient must constantly calculate the amount of consumed calories, fats, proteins, carbohydrates, trace elements and vitamins. The diet menu should always be followed strictly according to the prescription in order to minimize the risk of developing possible complications of this disease. In addition, while following a diet for diabetes, it is possible to completely defeat this disease without using the additional use of drugs.
The general act of diet therapy is based on the use of those products in which easily digestible carbohydrates, fats, which are quickly converted to carbohydrate compounds, are absent or in minimal quantities.
What can be used for diabetes? The main diet includes fruits, vegetables, dairy and meat products. The diagnosis does not mean that the patient should completely abandon the use of glucose. This element is necessary for energy production. If a deficiency of this substance is observed in the body, protein breakdown will begin to occur. The diet should be dominated by food that is rich in vitamins, proteins and trace elements.
The main products that are recommended to be included in the diet of patients with diabetes mellitus:
- Buckwheat.
- Beans
- Oatmeal.
- Corn grits
- Wheat groats.
- Barley.
- Oranges.
- Grapefruits.
- Apples
- Lemons.
- Apricots
- Peaches.
- Pears
- Dried fruits.
- Grenades.
- Blueberries
- Cherry.
- Currant.
- Blackberry.
- Walnuts.
- Gooseberry.
- Peanut.
- Pine nuts.
- Almond.
- Black bread.
- Sunflower or butter, but not more than 40 g per day.
You should also exclude some foods from the diet. These include the following:
- Alcoholic drinks.
- Coffee.
- Confectionery.
- Chocolate.
- Jam.
- Candy.
- Ice cream.
- Baking.
- Smoked meats.
- Spicy dishes.
- Salty dishes.
- Pepper.
- Fat.
- Mustard.
- Raisins.
- Bananas
- Grapes
In parallel with this, nutritionists recommend refraining from eating melons, watermelons, and store juices.
Medicines for the treatment of diabetes
The specialist should prescribe the use of certain medications that are aimed at combating diabetes. As a rule, these include sugar-lowering drugs:
- Medicines that stimulate the pancreas to produce large amounts of insulin. These drugs include: "Glycvidon", "Glyclazide", "Glipizid", "Repaglinide", "Nateglinide".
- Pills that make the human body more sensitive to insulin, for example, Glucofage, Siofor, Metmorfin. However, it is worth paying attention to the fact that these funds are contraindicated in those patients who suffer from renal or heart failure.
- To increase the effectiveness of insulin in muscle and adipose tissues, Avandia and Pioglitazone are prescribed.
Folk remedies
Before embarking on alternative methods of treating diabetes mellitus, it is imperative to consult your healthcare provider to avoid possible unpleasant consequences. The most effective remedies are as follows:
- Lemon and celery. To prepare the medicine, it is necessary to peel 0.5 kg of celery roots, grind them in a blender along with six lemons. Boil the finished mixture in a pan in a water bath for 2 hours. After this, the finished product must be refrigerated. The finished mixture is consumed one spoon half an hour before eating. In this case, it is worth paying attention to the fact that the medicine is used only in the morning. The course of treatment is 2 years.
- Garlic, parsley and lemon. 100 g of citrus zest should be mixed with 300 g of parsley root and the same amount of garlic. All ingredients must be crushed thoroughly in a blender. The finished mixture is placed in a jar and put for two weeks in a cool dark room. The finished product is used three times a day, one teaspoon half an hour before a meal.
- Linden. With an increase in blood sugar, it is recommended to use a tincture of infusion instead of tea. To prepare this product, one tablespoon of linden flowers should be poured with one glass of boiling water. You can also make a decoction based on this plant. For its preparation, two glasses of linden flowers are poured with three liters of water. They need to be boiled for 10 minutes, cool, and then strain and pour into bottles or jars. Such broth is stored in the refrigerator. 100 . , 3 , .
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