Blood diseases are dangerous, widespread, the most severe of them are generally incurable and lead to death. Why is such an important system of the body as the circulatory system exposed to pathologies? The reasons are very different, sometimes not depending on the person, but accompanying him from birth.
Blood diseases
Blood diseases are numerous and varied in origin. They are associated with a pathology of the structure of blood cells or a violation of the functions they perform. Also, some diseases affect the plasma - the liquid component in which the cells are located. Blood diseases, a list, the causes of their occurrence are carefully studied by doctors and scientists, some of which have not yet been identified.
Blood cells - red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. Red blood cells - red blood cells - carry oxygen to the tissues of internal organs. White blood cells - white blood cells - fight infections and foreign bodies that enter the body. Platelets are colorless cells responsible for coagulation. Plasma is a protein viscous fluid that contains blood cells. Due to the serious functionality of the circulatory system, blood diseases are mostly dangerous and even difficult to cure.
Classification of diseases of the circulatory system
Blood diseases, the list of which is quite large, can be divided into groups according to their distribution:
- Anemia. A condition of pathologically low hemoglobin level (this is a component of red blood cells that carries oxygen).
- Hemorrhagic diathesis is a coagulation disorder.
- Hemoblastosis (oncology associated with damage to blood cells, lymph nodes or bone marrow).
- Other diseases that do not belong to the three of the above.
Such a classification is general, it divides diseases according to the principle of which cells are affected by pathological processes. Each group contains numerous blood diseases, a list of them is included in the International Classification of Diseases.
List of diseases affecting the blood
If you list all blood diseases, their list will be huge. They differ in the reasons for their appearance in the body, the specificity of cell damage, symptoms and many other factors. Anemia is the most common pathology that affects red blood cells. Signs of anemia are a decrease in the number of red blood cells and hemoglobin. The reason for this may be their reduced production or large blood loss. Hemoblastoses - most of this group of diseases is occupied by leukemia, or leukemia - blood cancer. During the course of the disease, blood cells are converted into malignant tumors. The cause of the disease has not yet been clarified. Lymphoma is also an oncological disease, pathological processes occur in the lymphatic system, white blood cells become malignant.
Myeloma is a blood cancer in which plasma suffers. Hemorrhagic syndromes of this disease are associated with the problem of coagulability. They are mainly congenital, such as hemophilia. It is manifested by hemorrhages in the joints, muscles and internal organs. Agammaglobulinemia is a hereditary deficiency of plasma serum proteins. The so-called systemic blood diseases are distinguished, their list includes pathologies that affect individual body systems (immune, lymphatic) or the entire body as a whole.
Anemia
Let us consider blood diseases associated with the pathology of red blood cells (list). Types of the most common:
- Thalassemia is a violation of the rate of hemoglobin formation.
- Autoimmune hemolytic anemia - develops as a result of a viral infection, syphilis. Medical non-autoimmune hemolytic anemia - due to poisoning by alcohol, snake venom, toxic substances.
- Iron deficiency anemia - occurs with a lack of iron in the body or with chronic blood loss.
- B12 deficiency anemia. The reason is a lack of vitamin B12 due to inadequate intake of food or impaired absorption. The result is a violation in the central nervous system and gastrointestinal tract.
- Folic acid deficiency anemia - occurs due to a lack of folic acid.
- Sickle cell anemia - red blood cells have the form of a sickle, which is a serious hereditary pathology. The result is a slowdown in blood flow, jaundice.
- Idiopathic aplastic anemia - the absence of tissue that reproduces blood cells. Possible with exposure.
- Family erythrocytosis is a hereditary disease characterized by an increase in the number of red blood cells.
Hemoblastosis diseases
These are mainly oncological blood diseases, the list of the most common includes varieties of leukemia. The latter, in turn, are divided into two types - acute (a large number of cancer cells, do not perform functions) and chronic (proceeds slowly, the functions of blood cells are performed).
Acute myeloid leukemia - disorders in the division of bone marrow cells, their maturation. Depending on the nature of the disease, the following types of acute leukemia are distinguished:
- without ripening;
- with ripening;
- promyelocytic;
- myelomonoblastic;
- monoblastic;
- erythroblast;
- megakaryoblastic;
- lymphoblastic T-cell;
- lymphoblastic b-cell;
- panmyeloid leukemia.
Chronic forms of leukemia:
- myeloid leukemia;
- erythromyelosis;
- monocytic leukemia;
- megakaryocytic leukemia.
The aforementioned diseases of a chronic form are taken into account.
Letterera-Sieve disease - the germination of cells of the immune system in different organs, the origin of the disease is unknown.
Myelodysplastic syndrome is a group of diseases that affect the bone marrow, which include, for example, subleukemic myelosis.
Hemorrhagic syndromes
- Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is an acquired disease characterized by increased blood coagulation and the formation of blood clots.
- Hemorrhagic disease of the newborn is a congenital deficiency of the coagulation factor due to a deficiency of vitamin K.
- Deficiency of coagulation factors - substances that are in the blood plasma, mainly they include proteins that provide blood coagulation. There are 13 types.
- Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (Werlhof disease). It is characterized by staining of the skin due to internal bleeding. It is associated with a low platelet count in the blood.
The defeat of all blood cells
- Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. A rare disease of a genetic nature. It is caused by the destruction of blood cells by lymphocytes and macrophages. The pathological process proceeds in different organs and tissues, as a result, the skin, lungs, liver, spleen, and brain are affected.
- Hemophagocytic syndrome due to infection.
- Cytostatic disease. It is manifested by the death of cells that are in the process of division.
- Hypoplastic anemia - a decrease in the number of all blood cells. It is associated with cell death in the bone marrow.
Infectious diseases
The cause of blood diseases can be infections that enter the body. What are infectious blood diseases? List of the most common:
- Malaria. Infection occurs during a mosquito bite. Microorganisms penetrating the body affect red blood cells, which are destroyed as a result, causing damage to internal organs, fever, chills. Usually found in the tropics.
- Sepsis - this term is used to refer to pathological processes in the blood, the cause of which is the penetration of bacteria into the blood in large quantities. Sepsis occurs as a result of many diseases - diabetes, chronic diseases, diseases of internal organs, injuries and wounds. The best defense against sepsis is good immunity.
Symptoms
Typical symptoms of blood diseases are fatigue, shortness of breath, dizziness, decreased appetite, and tachycardia. With anemia, dizziness, severe weakness, nausea, and fainting occur due to bleeding. If we talk about infectious blood diseases, the list of their symptoms is as follows: fever, chills, itchy skin, loss of appetite. With a prolonged course of the disease, weight loss is observed. Sometimes there are cases of perverse taste and smell, as with B12-deficient anemia, for example. There are bone pain with pressure (with leukemia), swollen lymph nodes, pain in the right or left hypochondrium (liver or spleen). In some cases, a rash occurs on the skin, nosebleeds. In the early stages of a blood disease, no symptoms may appear.
Treatment
Blood diseases develop very quickly, so treatment should be started immediately after diagnosis. Each disease has its own specific features, so the treatment is prescribed in each case. Cancer treatment, such as leukemia, is based on chemotherapy. Other methods of treatment are blood transfusion, a decrease in the effects of intoxication. In the treatment of cancer of the blood, stem cell transplants derived from bone marrow or blood are used. This newest way to fight the disease helps to restore the immune system and, if not overcome the disease, then at least extend the patient's life. If the tests allow you to determine which patient has any infectious blood diseases, the list of procedures is aimed primarily at eliminating the pathogen. Here antibiotics come to the rescue.
Causes
There are many blood diseases, their list is long. The reasons for their occurrence are different. So, for example, diseases associated with the problem of blood coagulation are usually hereditary. They are diagnosed in young children. All infectious blood diseases , the list of which includes malaria, syphilis and other diseases, are transmitted through the carrier of the infection. It can be an insect or another person, a sexual partner. Oncological diseases, such as leukemia, have an unknown etiology. Irradiation, radioactive or toxic poisoning can also be the cause of blood disease. Anemia can occur due to poor nutrition, which does not provide the body with the necessary elements and vitamins.