The most dangerous for the body is a decrease in immunity. Once the defenses are weakened, a viral infection penetrates unhindered. Rhinitis also occurs when pathological reactions occur that indicate a decline in immune activity. Classification of rhinitis according to ICD-10: J30.0 - J30.4.
Causes
The causes of rhinitis can be many. Most often it is:
- Incorrect or incompletely treated inflammation of the nasal mucosa. In this case, the danger is that the disease can flow into a severe stage, that is, into purulent rhinitis.
- Ingestion of a viral infection. The discharge has a clear, watery consistency.
- Bacteria. In this case, the discharge acquires a greenish tint or white-yellow color.
- Congenital or acquired defects. For example, a curved nasal septum. The reason for the development of rhinitis can also be pathology in the maxillary sinuses or an increase in the third tonsil.
- Hormonal disbalance. Most often occurs during the restructuring of the body or after taking certain medications.
- Adverse external factors. Due to numerous diseases, smoking, a place of work or residence in a polluted atmosphere, changes in the mucous membrane of the sinuses occur. This type of rhinitis in medicine is called "hypertrophic."
- An allergic reaction, especially if there is a predisposition to allergies.
Symptoms
Symptoms of rhinitis are pronounced. But the different type of this disease has its own differences.
Signs of the disease appear as follows:
- If it is a viral infection, it is accompanied by swelling and redness of the nose. The throat may become inflamed and conjunctivitis may appear. The heat rises. Due to swelling of the mucosa, breathing is difficult. Discharge from the nose at the onset of the disease is clear and watery. After a while, they become mucous.
- Bacteria cause nasal congestion, discharge yellow-white and greenish. Sneezing may occur, sore throat. Constant malaise and severe weakness appear, headaches often begin.
- Allergic reactions are distinguished not only by swelling inside the nose, difficulty breathing, but also by conjunctivitis. Lacrimation begins, and the eyes often turn red. Nasal discharge is liquid, nose and eyes are very itchy.
- In chronic rhinitis, the discharge is constant, like weakness, chronic fatigue. Often there are respiratory diseases. If sputum has acquired a green color, then a purulent form of the disease develops.
- If there are birth defects, then the discharge is purulent and permanent. Therefore, the perception of odors decreases, heavy breathing.
- With hypertrophic rhinitis, pathologies associated with the proliferation of the nasal mucosa begin, an unpleasant odor can occur. Constant dryness in the throat.
Allergic rhinitis
Allergic rhinitis, the classification of which involves an acute and chronic form of pathology, provokes certain allergens. Determining an allergen can be quite difficult, because it all depends on the individual characteristics of a person, but among the most common reasons are called:
- pollen of trees and bushes;
- mold;
- dust mites;
- chemical agents;
- pet hair.
Allergic Rhinitis
Non-allergic rhinitis is a nasal irritation that causes various non-allergenic factors. Although there is no allergic reaction, symptoms may resemble an allergy. This type of rhinitis occurs due to contact with irritants:
- smoke;
- dust;
- certain chemicals;
- a sharp change in weather conditions.
Chronic rhinitis
Chronic rhinitis can occur for several months. In this case, there is inflammation, and sometimes just irritation of the mucous membrane. The cause of this type of rhinitis come in:
- narcotic substances;
- allergens
- physiological problems;
- irritants.
Exacerbation can begin at any time of the year, and the symptoms are similar to year-round rhinitis.
Year-round rhinitis
Year-round rhinitis is a disease that occurs as a result of constant contact with allergens. They may be:
- ticks;
- mushrooms;
- insects
- animal hair.
Symptoms are similar to allergic rhinitis, but different treatment is provided, so this type is isolated as a separate disease.
"Taste" rhinitis
"Taste" rhinitis - occurs as a reaction to too hot or spicy foods. Taste buds are irritated, but symptoms disappear within a few hours. Usually appears for a short time and does not occur twice.
Hypertrophic drug rhinitis
Drug rhinitis occurs with prolonged use of drugs that narrow the vessels. More often it occurs in people who neglect the instructions for using medications for the common cold and use them longer than the prescribed time.
Hypertrophic rhinitis develops due to hypertrophy of the tissues of the nose. The cause of the disease is a metabolic disorder in the nasal mucosa and its constant trauma. This type of rhinitis is usually affected by people who work in a chemical plant, in a dusty building or who suffer from cardiovascular, endocrine and allergic diseases.
Atrophic rhinitis
Atrophic rhinitis is chronic and occurs due to the constant inhalation of dust, which provokes the thinning of the nasal mucosa. The patient has a viscous and persistent runny nose.
Classification of rhinitis according to Piskunov
This classification is based on the etiology, symptoms and morphological picture. Types of rhinitis are divided into two groups: acute and chronic.
Classification of acute rhinitis:
- Traumatic.
- Allergic (seasonally only).
- Infectious.
Classification of chronic rhinitis:
- Catarrhal.
- Infectious.
- Allergic (whole year).
- Atrophic.
- Vasomotor rhinitis, the classification of which is as follows: vasodilator, hypersecretory, edematous, polyposis, mixed.
Rhinitis treatment
Treatment of acute rhinitis should be determined by the staging of the course and pathogenesis of inflammation in the acute form. At the beginning of the first stage of this disease, the main task is to eliminate the invasion of the virus in the epithelium of the nose, as well as its replication. Here, measures are taken to improve local protection and antiviral drugs are used. Antiviral drugs:
- Recombinant interferons (Laferon, Viferon, Reoferon).
- Antiviral immunoglobulins.
- Natural interferons.
- Interferon inducers (Aitksin, Neovir, Methylglucamine Gel, Levomax, Kagocel, Tiloron).
- "Rimantadine."
- Aminocaproic acid disrupts the effects of viral infection on the body.
- "Acyclovir" for the inhibition of influenza A.
To influence reflex and nervous reactions, a warm bath is prescribed, hot drink, and mustard plasters are also applied to the calves of the legs. These measures have the greatest effect both in the first, partially and in the next stage of an acute disease.
The second stage of rhinitis should be accompanied by treatment, which will help reduce inflammation and quickly restore the functions of the nose. For this, the use of vasoconstrictors is indicated, eliminating swelling of the nasal mucosa and restoring breathing. Also, they do not allow stenosis of the sinuses to develop, they do not allow the appearance of sinusitis.
The active substance phenylephrine has a mild vasoconstrictor effect, does not reduce blood flow and does not provoke the appearance of a rebound syndrome. More stable effect are drugs with oxymetazoline. A2-adrenergic agonists are characterized by a long-lasting effect, which is explained by their slow excretion by reducing blood flow. For ease of use, decongestants are prescribed in the form of sprays to evenly distribute the drug and reduce its maximum dose.
At the moment, cocaine hydrochloride and adrenaline hydrochloride are practically not used. For the treatment of rhinitis of the third stage, the use of antibacterial drugs is indicated:
- "Framycetin" in the form of a spray.
- Mupiracin is an antibiotic ointment.
- A nasal spray that will contain phenylephrine hydrochloride, polymexin B and dexamethasone.
- Lavage of the sinuses of the nose and nasal passages with physiological saline, into which you can add antiseptic agents such as:
- Miramistin;
- Protargol;
- Chlorhexidine;
- Octenisept;
- "Etericide";
- Decamethoxin;
- "Dioxidine".
Complications of rhinitis
Rhinitis or, more simply, a runny nose is considered one of the most common diseases of the ENT organs of a person. The reasons for the development of this disease are quite diverse, they include various harmfulness and allergens, and it also develops under the influence of infections.
In general, a runny nose does not pose a strong threat to a person’s life if they were treated on time and correctly. But if the treatment was completely absent or was not brought to the end, then this can lead to serious complications, some of which a person suffers quite difficult.