One of the most famous pathologies affecting the endocrine system is diabetes. The disease occurs as a result of the weak activity of the hormone of the pancreas. If it is absolutely not produced, the first type is diagnosed, in all other cases the second. The degrees of diabetes differ in the level of patient's dependence on insulin.
Why do people get type 2 diabetes?
More recently, as almost every medical history shows, type 2 diabetes was a disease of the elderly. Most often, it developed in patients whose age exceeded forty years. Today, even adolescents can be diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The treatment of the disease is always determined individually and depends on the patient's history. However, in all people there is a persistent violation of carbohydrate metabolism with the development of insulin receptor dysfunction.
Causes of diabetes:
- Genetic (hereditary) predisposition.
- Obesity caused by a sedentary lifestyle and overeating.
- Bad habits.
- The presence of other ailments of the endocrine system (hypo-, hyperfunction of the thyroid gland, pathology of the pituitary gland, adrenal cortex).
- Complications after serious pancreatic diseases (pancreatitis, cancer).
- Arterial hypertension.
- Systematic overeating, unbalanced diet.
Risk groups
The causes of diabetes provoking the development of the disease can be expanded by some additional factors. So, the risk group includes people whose age exceeds forty years. In addition, in the presence of a genetic predisposition, conditions such as severe infections, injuries, operations, pregnancy, severe stress, and prolonged use of certain medications can “push” the development of an ailment.
Diagnosis and insulin dependence
Diabetes mellitus does not manifest obvious symptoms and is often detected during laboratory biochemical analysis of blood or urine. The disease progresses very slowly, but can lead to complications, which will be described below.
If a person is already affected by a disease such as type 2 diabetes, the treatment and diagnosis of which has not even been carried out, his body still continues to produce insulin. The synthesis of the hormone may be sufficient, the main problem is that the receptor cells do not show sensitivity to it.
The indication for switching to artificial insulin is not the blood sugar level, but other criteria. With aggressive, long-term development of the disease, complete depletion of beta cells in the pancreas occurs. When they are almost completely atrophied, synthesized hormone is introduced into the treatment regimen.
If type 2 diabetes is diagnosed, treatment with switching to insulin is often unreasonable. The patient must undergo a full range of special studies in order to reliably determine the level of hormone production and the response of beta cells to it.
Insulin, when the second type of diabetes is diagnosed, is prescribed in extreme cases, that is, with complete depletion of cells.
Symptoms of the disease
The body does not give pronounced symptoms, however, to understand that the following conditions help to understand that health under threat:
- almost constant, pronounced thirst;
- severe hunger even after eating;
- persistent dry mouth;
- frequent urination;
- fatigue, fatigue, weakness;
- headache;
- blurred vision;
- unexplained weight fluctuations in the direction of decrease or increase.
If a person often feels these conditions, it is better to be screened for the first or second type of diabetes. If the disease is detected at an early stage, it will be possible to avoid the development of complications.
The following symptoms rarely occur:
- slowly healing cuts and wounds;
- itching, especially in the inguinal region;
- a sharp, unreasonable increase in body weight;
- frequent fungal infections;
- dark spots in the groin, armpits, on the neck (acanthokeratoderma);
- tingling and numbness in the limbs;
- decreased libido.
Treatment
Modern diagnostics, which allow to identify failures in carbohydrate metabolism, help to establish the causes of non-insulin-dependent diabetes. Based on this, an effective treatment is prescribed, involving the selection of drugs that reduce glucose levels based on the causes of the violation. The treatment of diseases that served as a factor in the development of the disease is also carried out, and complications are being eliminated. An important role is played by preventive screening and regular visits to the endocrinologist.
Drug treatment
If monotherapy, consisting of a strict diet, is ineffective, often it is necessary to prescribe special drugs that reduce sugar levels. Some modern pharmacological agents (prescribed exclusively by the attending physician after determining the causes of destabilization of carbohydrate metabolism) do not exclude the consumption of carbohydrates. This helps to prevent the occurrence of hypoglycemic conditions. The choice of a specific medication and the formation of a treatment regimen are carried out taking into account the medical history and individual characteristics of the patient. You can’t take the medicine for diabetes on the advice of another patient whom it helped, or simply on your own, otherwise you can cause irreparable harm to your body.
Pharmacological agents used for treatment (all groups of these medicines are completely contraindicated during pregnancy and if a woman is breast-feeding a baby):
- A diabetes medicine belonging to the sulfonylurea group, for example, Amaril, Glyurenorm, Maninil, and Diabeton preparations.
- Relatively innovative drugs that restore the sensitivity of cells to insulin (the medicines Avandia, Rosiglitazon, Aktos, Pioglitazon).
- The drug "Siafor" and its analogues, biguanide metformin.
- Combined medicines such as Glibomet, Metaglip, Glukovans.
- Medications that regulate sugar levels after eating or, in other words, clay.
- Medicines that slow down the absorption of carbohydrates in the intestine and their subsequent digestion, for example, Miglitol, Dibikor, Acarbose.
- Dipeptidyl peptidase inhibitors (standard antidiabetic agents).
Innovative drugs and treatment
The drugs of the liraglutide group are one of a kind. The principle of action is based on imitation of the activity of the natural hormone GPL-1, which provides an innovative approach to treating the disease in its early stages.
Finally, it is worth noting that an indicator of the level of glycated hemoglobin is becoming an international criterion for the effectiveness of the treatment of an ailment.
The main goals of therapy
- Stimulation of the normal synthesis of natural insulin.
- Correction of the amount of lipids in the blood.
- A decrease in the rate of absorption of glucose into the blood from the intestine, a decrease in its digestibility.
- Increased sensitivity of peripheral tissues to the hormone.
Physiotherapy
Patients are often shown the same type of physical activity. It can be easy running, cycling, swimming, walking, walking. The mode and level of difficulty of the exercises is set by the physician, based on the individual characteristics of the person.
Treatment and prevention of complications
An important factor in the prevention of complications is the control of blood pressure. The diagnosis automatically transfers patients to the high-risk group even with a low increase in its level. If a person suffers from hypertension, this is comparable to having three additional risk factors. These are disorders of the fat (lipid) composition of the blood (dyslipidemia), obesity and smoking.
Adequate measures repeatedly reduce mortality, reduce the risk of developing diseases of the cardiovascular system, and prevent the progression of renal failure at different stages of development. Therapy aimed at reducing blood pressure should be carried out quite aggressively even in those patients who have mild hypertension. This is a need for kidney protection and good general condition.
If possible, medications that worsen the sensitivity of tissues to insulin should be avoided. Diabetes negatively affects fat metabolism and blood glucose levels, so these drugs should also be excluded.
People with type 2 diabetes often have to take a combination of antihypertensive drugs. It is advisable to begin such treatment at a pressure level of up to 140/90 mm / RT. Art. If the doctor fails to lower the pressure by optimizing the lifestyle, such therapy begins at a level of 130/80 mm / RT. Art.
Doctors note that often there is a need to correct violations of fat metabolism. Taking drugs that control the fat composition of the blood reduces mortality by 37-48%.
Diabetic Neuropathy Treatment
A similar complication affects 75% of patients in whom diabetes develops over several years. As a rule, peripheral nerves suffer and sensitivity to changes in temperature decreases, tingling, numbness, burning of limbs occur. This lesion is the main risk factor leading to the formation of the diabetic foot syndrome. In the absence of therapy, amputation of the leg becomes the outcome .
The question of the treatment of neuropathy is a separate issue. In addition to the main ones, drugs are prescribed that act on oxidative damage to cells, protect vessels and nerves, and inhibit the progression of atherosclerosis. Such drugs have a hepatoprotective effect, that is, they protect the liver.
Tea for diabetics
Official medicine rarely recognizes the effectiveness of folk remedies. However, tea from diabetes is already recognized in the scientific community as a healthy drink that helps patients achieve healing.
This is a special variety called “Monastic Tea”. According to official studies, patients after eating it feel light, a surge of energy, a charge of energy, which is due to the restoration of metabolism and normalization of the functions of the cells of the body.
Tea therapy, acting with antioxidants and active ingredients, has an effect on cell receptors, stabilizing their performance and regeneration. Thanks to this effect, diseased cells become healthy and the whole body is involved in the recovery process.
You can find “Monastic Tea” only in one place - in the holy monastery in Belarus. The monks were able to create a unique mixture of powerful and rare herbs. The drink has already managed to prove its effectiveness in the scientific community, type 2 diabetes, the treatment of which is based on these herbs, goes away in two weeks, which is fully confirmed by research. A sick person is recommended to adhere to the instructions that are in the methodology of tea therapy.
Scientific research and "Monastic tea"
Type 2 diabetes mellitus, the treatment of which took place according to the methods of traditional medicine, often progressed, which became the reason for the extremely negative reaction of doctors. However, with regard to tea, opinions have changed in a diametrically opposite direction.
To identify all the properties of the drink, scientists conducted thirty-day studies in which a group of volunteers participated. After 27 people suffering from this disease underwent a course of therapy, the following results were revealed:
- 89% of patients showed a sharp decrease in blood sugar. The age of the test group ranged from 25 to 69 years.
- In 27 volunteers, stable cell regeneration was detected.
- A significant improvement in mood and well-being was established.
- The body has significantly improved metabolic processes.
- Tea for diabetes has increased libido in men.
Principles of Nutrition, or Monotherapy
The nutrition of people with a similar diagnosis should be subject to a fractional scheme. 5-6 meals should be organized daily. Diet for diabetes is mainly sub-calorie food, at the rate of 25 Kcal per kg of weight.
The patient should exclude easily digestible carbohydrates by replenishing the diet with foods rich in fiber.
Fiber Benefits for Diabetics
Fiber is indicated for use in cases of carbohydrate metabolism failure. Plant cellulose reduces the absorption of glucose in the intestine, which also reduces its concentration in the blood. Products containing this plant fiber remove accumulated toxins and absorb excess fluids. It will be especially useful for those people who have obesity in addition to diabetes. Swelling in the digestive tract, fiber causes satiety and helps to reduce the calorie content of food without causing an unbearable feeling of hunger.
The maximum effect can be achieved by taking fiber in food together with complex carbohydrates. The menu should be limited to the content of potatoes, before heat treatment its tubers are better to soak. Light carbohydrates are found in beets, carrots, peas, which can be taken once a day. Without limitation, dietetic food allows you to replenish the diet with squash, cucumbers, zucchini, sorrel, cabbage, eggplant, pumpkin, lettuce, bell pepper, kohlrabi. The use of fruits and berries of unsweetened varieties is shown. Caution should be exercised with bananas, figs, persimmons.
Bakery products should also be presented in small quantities. It is better to give preference to bran bread. Even cereal and cereal products are selected based on fiber content. It is permissible to use pearl barley, buckwheat, oat, corn grits. The diabetes diet always contains these cereals.
The basic principles of monotherapy
- A significant limitation of the content of table salt in food.
- Half of the consumed fats are vegetable fats.
- Products should be saturated with mineral components and vitamins.
- It is permissible to consume 30 ml of alcohol per day, no more.
- To give up smoking.
- The ban on strong broths, fatty varieties of fish, meat, cheese, pastry, sausage, pickles and marinades, semolina, rice.
- Frequent use of ice cream, confectionery, sugar, carbonated drinks, sweet juices, jams is unacceptable.
Bread Units
A bread unit is the equivalent of 10 grams of sugar and 25 grams of bread. A similar principle has been created specifically to facilitate the formation of menus for people suffering from this ailment. Special tables have been developed that greatly facilitate the calculation of carbohydrates. Most often, the technique is used if the disease diabetes is of the first type, but it is also necessary for patients with overweight.
The role of nutrition in the life of a diabetic
The question of what is eaten with diabetes worries many patients. It must be borne in mind that even when this ailment is detected, carbohydrates are an integral element of nutrition. The diet should be complete, consisting of all substances of vital importance. When carbohydrates are absorbed in the body, the synthesis and accumulation of energy occurs. Therefore, the food should be half full of complex, slow carbohydrates, which gradually increase the level of glucose.
To correctly compose recipes for type 2 diabetes, you should familiarize yourself with the index (glycemic) of products in comparison with the parameter of pure glucose equal to 100.
About 20% of the diet should be proteins of animal and vegetable origin. However, it is necessary to avoid excessive volume of animal proteins, which will beneficially affect the work of the kidneys and liver. A sufficient level can be obtained from legumes.
Diabetes recipes are designed with a limited fat content, but they are not completely excluded. It should be borne in mind that they are found in eggs, nuts, fish, meat. Such a calculation will become a habit over time and will not be so tiring.
Conclusion
Type 2 diabetes mellitus, the treatment of which is carried out under strict medical supervision, recedes, but is not completely cured. In order to feel a full quality of life and excellent well-being, you should adhere to the principles of good nutrition and monitor the progress of the disease with regular visits to the endocrinologist.
People diagnosed with diabetes should be prepared for life to be closely monitored. This is especially true of eating habits and lifestyle. Although the disease, which belongs to the second type, is not as serious as the first, it requires discipline and will from a person.
If medical recommendations are not followed, type II can easily go into type I, which significantly impairs the quality of life. Therefore, do not neglect your own health, it is so easy to lose.