One of the most dangerous gastrointestinal pathologies is partial bowel obstruction. In the absence of proper therapy, a variety of complications develop, and the onset of death is not ruled out.
The main symptom of the pathology is severe pain, which in its nature resembles contractions. In some cases, the pain increases gradually. Symptoms of partial bowel obstruction should be known, and if they occur, immediately seek help from qualified medical personnel.
Pathology Features
With intestinal obstruction (ICD 10), an intestinal blockage occurs, as a result of which its contents are blocked to the anus. As a result, emptying is difficult. Fecal blockages are forming . Accurately determine the clinical picture allows a sharp deterioration in the general condition. The normal regime of emptying in humans is considered to be at least once a day.
Intestinal obstruction can occur under the influence of various factors. Mechanical means a change in the location of the cecum, the appearance of pockets inside the abdominal cavity, adhesions. Similar phenomena are often observed in elderly patients. Functional obstruction can develop as a result of a sharp transition to the consumption of fruits and vegetables, overeating after a long diet, when a newborn is transferred to mixed nutrition, if his age is less than a year.
Partial bowel obstruction, as a rule, is due to the following reasons:
- Volvulus.
- The appearance of cords in the peritoneum.
- Narrowing the intestinal lumen.
- Gut chopping.
- Examples of intussusception.
- Gallstones.
- The presence of congenital defects of the intestine.
- Changing the location of organs in the abdominal cavity.
- Hernias.
- Tumor formations of a malignant nature.
- Hematomas.
- Inflammation.
- Helminthic infestations.
Partial intestinal obstruction can also be triggered:
- Local paralysis.
- Hirschsprung pathology.
- Problems with intestinal motility.
- Cramping.
Symptoms of the disease
The main signs of partial bowel obstruction are as follows:
- Difficult exit of feces, gases.
- Persistent nausea, vomiting.
- The appearance of disgust when eating food.
- Due to fecal blockages, flatulence often occurs.
- Alternating diarrhea and constipation.
- Bloating, severe overstrain of the abdominal muscles.
- A sharp appearance of pain in the navel or under the spoon, lasting about 10 minutes. In some situations, pain constantly bothers the patient.
Normally, gurgling sounds are present in the peritoneum. If they are not at all, and the emptying is irregular, we can conclude that intestinal motility is impaired.
Vomiting
After 2-3 days, the pain subsides even in the absence of qualified assistance. A similar condition suggests that intestinal motility has worsened. At the same time, bile vomiting occurs several times a day, which cannot be stopped by any means.
First, undigested food residues come out, and then a greenish-brown liquid mixed with bile. After a day, the stool may be completely absent, feces cease to depart.
If the patient does not consult a doctor in a timely manner for help, nago has a marked drop in blood pressure, increased heart rate, and the development of a shock state. Such symptoms are caused by significant loss of beneficial electrolytes and fluids due to incessant vomiting. A stagnation of the contents in the intestine leads to the release of toxins. In this case, the patient requires immediate medical attention.
Symptoms in adults and treatment of bowel obstruction are interrelated.
Other symptoms
Symptoms that occur in different patients may vary depending on the class of obstruction formed.
If the problem is caused by commissures, neoplasms are detected in the peritoneum. A similar process may be due to:
- Bleeding.
- Physical injury to the peritoneum.
- Peritonitis
Commissures
Adhesions can form in various parts of the intestine. In some cases, the omentum and scar stick together as a result of surgical operations.
The resulting commissures inhibit peristalsis. Obstruction can be of several types:
- Strangulation. In this case, the mesentery is involved in the process, hypodynamic disorders develop, the general condition worsens, cell death or peritonitis occurs.
- Chopping. In this case, the symptomatology arises sharply, develops rapidly.
- Mixed. Combines the signs inherent in the first two types of obstruction.
Partial obstruction
This disorder, as a rule, is chronic. Patients are often concerned about difficulty in bowel movements, gas, pain, and vomiting.
The symptomatology of partial obstruction is not very pronounced, it can usually be eliminated at home by following a diet and taking laxatives.
Patients note that the symptoms of pathology are observed in them for several years, and the manifestations become more frequent if the growth of tumor processes occurs.
In some cases, blockage is followed by diarrhea. Feces can smell like rot, while a large amount of fluid is released at the same time.
Very often, partial overflows into the full, accompanied by acute symptoms. The causes of partial bowel obstruction are important to identify.
Disorders of the small intestine
Often, obstruction begins to develop in the small intestine. The main symptoms of the pathology are the appearance of protrusion on the abdomen. The place of its localization, as a rule, is slightly higher than the place where the intestinal blockage occurred.
Similar violations appear as a result of obstructive phenomena in the small intestine. The following symptoms are observed in patients:
- Colic in the epigastrium.
- Nausea.
- Gases
- Lack of desire to eat.
Disorders in the colon
A common problem is obstruction in the colon. It is accompanied by the following symptoms:
- Decreased appetite.
- Vomiting
- Tension in the peritoneum.
- Contraction-like pain.
- Absence of gases.
- Bloating.
- Difficult or completely absent bowel movements.
Large bowel obstruction may also be complete or partial. If the symptoms are aggravated, there is a risk of acute intoxication. The patient has a metabolic decline, inflammation in the abdominal cavity, bloating.
Diagnose a problem
The main method for diagnosing such disorders is examination using a variety of medical instruments. Before using them, experts conduct certain preparatory procedures:
- Examination of the patient, palpation of the peritoneum in order to determine the intensity of symptoms. With the help of a digital study, cavities in the rectum are detected.
- Acquaintance with the medical history, medical record of the patient. This is necessary to accurately determine the pathology.
The following instrumental methods are most commonly used:
- X-ray examination. It is necessary to identify specific symptoms.
- Colonoscopy Allows you to study the condition of the mucous lining of the intestine using a probe.
- Ultrasound It is the main methodology for determining the diagnosis.
- CT Required for a detailed bowel examination.
After receiving the results of the study, the specialist determines the necessary methodology of therapy and decides on the need for surgical intervention.
Therapy
Any medical procedures for partial intestinal obstruction should be performed under the supervision of a specialist, that is, in a hospital. To begin with, the patient is prescribed conservative therapy.
Typically, these are:
- Intravenous drugs to change the water-salt balance.
- Medicines that help improve digestive tract motility.
- Antispasmodics. These medications are necessary to stop pain symptoms.
- Laxatives for partial bowel obstruction
Conservative therapy also involves enemas, which accelerate the process of cleaning the intestines with the help of installed through the mouth probes.
In cases where treatment of bowel obstruction at home does not give the desired result, the patient is prescribed surgery, during which part of the intestine (another damaged organ) is cut out and an anastomosis is applied. If the cause of obstruction is intussusception, a procedure is performed to eliminate this problem manually or with the help of cylinders. If the disorder is provoked by an adhesive disease, dissecting laparoscopy is performed.
Partial obstruction in the large intestine, provoked by an oncological neoplasm, is eliminated by resection of the damaged area and removing its fragment to the anterior wall of the peritoneum. A similar technique can facilitate emptying.
Also, obstruction is treated with diets and folk remedies. But such methods should be agreed with specialists.
With a partial form of obstruction, treatment with methods from the arsenal of traditional medicine helps:
- 0.5 kg of seedless drain pour a liter of water, boil for an hour, cool and drink three times a day for half a glass.
- Crush 1 kg of sea buckthorn, pour boiled chilled water in an amount of 0.7 l, mix. Squeeze the juice and take once a day for half a glass.
- Mix 20 pieces of dried apricots, 10 tbsp. l raisins, 10 pieces of figs and prunes. Pour boiling water, rinse, twist. Eat a tablespoon on an empty stomach.
- Preheat half a glass of milk, add 20 g of butter. Lie on your left side and inject the solution as a normal enema. Perform the procedure for three days in a row a couple of hours before bedtime.
- Herbs such as senna and buckthorn, which have a laxative effect, can alleviate but not cure the disease.
Surgical Technique
During surgery, the following procedures are carried out:
- Intravenous administration of an antibiotic before surgery.
- Organs or substances that prevent the discharge of feces should be removed. If surgery is performed on the small intestine, a specialist performs a resection to restore full obstruction. In some situations, the operation is carried out in several stages.
- Remove all dying areas of the intestine should be completely. In these situations, the main thing is the complete removal of dead tissue.
With pathologies of other types, patency is restored by installing a probe, using pharmacological agents. In invaginations, pediatric patients undergo barium-based enemas.
Most often, bowel obstruction in the elderly. But perhaps the development of pathology in infants.
In babies
A similar condition for newborns is very dangerous. It is caused, as a rule, by neurohumoral or mechanical factors. A disorder of an innate nature will make itself felt immediately.
Obstruction contribute to:
- Ledd's disease.
- Pressure of the cecum on the duodenum.
- Inversion of the intestines.
Also, obstruction causing constipation can occur with cystic fibrosis. This congenital disorder may have an acute, chronic relapsing character.
Symptoms are observed as follows:
- Grayish shade of the skin.
- Lack of appetite in the newborn, moodiness.
- Bloating of the upper abdomen.
- Severe dehydration and, as a result, weight loss.
- Gall vomiting after eating.
Thus, symptoms of intestinal obstruction are an occasion for an urgent visit to a specialist. Otherwise, serious complications are possible.
We examined the topic of symptoms and treatment of bowel obstruction in adults and children.