Sodium chloride for injection: composition, purpose and methods of use

In the article, we consider a solution for injection of sodium chloride.

This drug is widely used in medical practice as a plasma-replacing, rehydrating agent. So, a solution of sodium chloride (NaCl), or saline, in most cases is used to prepare droppers, which are simply indispensable for vomiting, poisoning and other syndromes, accompanied by a violation of the water-salt balance.

These are crystals that have a white tint and salty taste. In fact, is sodium chloride solution water for injection? In the field of medicine, a solution of a substance, depending on what concentration it has, is called physiological (0.9%) or hypertonic (10%).

Structure

In a liter of isotonic sodium chloride solution for injection 0.9% contains 9 grams of active substance and distilled water up to 1 liter.

A liter of hypertonic solution contains 100 grams of sodium chloride and distilled water up to 1 liter. The solution in this case has a concentration of 10%, that is, it is more concentrated than physiological.

Pharmacological form

Saline solution is available in several variations:

1. For infusions, external use, enemas, drug dilutions. Available packaged in bottles having a volume of 100, 200, 400 ml.
2. For the dilution of medicines, which will then be administered by subcutaneous, intramuscular injection. Packed in glass ampoules having a volume of 5, 10, 20 ml.
3. Tablets intended for oral use. Each tablet contains 0.9 mg of sodium chloride. Before use, the tablet is dissolved using boiled warm water in a volume of 100 ml.

Hypertonic solution

Hypertonic solution is also available in several variations:

1. For the treatment of the nasal cavity. It has the form of a spray; it is usually packaged in 10 ml bottles.
2. For external use or intravenously. A solution of sodium chloride for injection of 10% is packaged in 200, 400 ml bottles.
   

Pharmacological effects

In the body, sodium chloride is responsible for maintaining the pressure in the extracellular fluid and plasma at a constant level. As a rule, the body receives a sufficient amount of the substance with food.

In some cases, a variety of pathological conditions can develop, for example severe burns, vomiting, diarrhea. They are characterized by large losses of salts and liquids. As a result, there is a lack of perchloric and sodium ions. This situation provokes blood clots, cramps, spasms of smooth muscle structures, impaired functionality of the nervous system, as well as the circulatory system.

Timely administration of an isotonic sodium chloride solution for injection into the body allows you to quickly fill up the fluid deficiency and restore the balance of water and salts.

In addition, detoxifying, plasma-substituting properties are characteristic of the product, and therefore the solution can be used for infusion with small blood loss.

Properties of hypertonic solution

If we talk about hypertonic solution, then its intravenous administration allows you to quickly make up for the lack of chloride and sodium ions, to strengthen diuresis. That is, a hypertonic solution can act as an ambulance in the event of dehydration. Often, a hypertonic solution is required for children - they develop dehydration rapidly, can provoke serious complications, up to the onset of a fatal outcome.

When administered intravenously, sodium chloride solution for injection is rapidly excreted from the bloodstream. After an hour, less than half the administered dose of the solution remains in the blood. This property makes the substance ineffective with significant blood loss.

The half-elimination period of the solution is about an hour, then water, perchloric, sodium ions are excreted with the participation of the kidneys, causing an increased separation of urine.

When is sodium chloride for injection prescribed?

Indications for use

As already mentioned, sodium chloride is used quite widely in medicine.

Saline:

1. Helps to restore water-salt balance in case of dehydration, provoked by any reason.
2. Intravenous administration of sodium chloride allows you to maintain the necessary balance of blood plasma during surgery, after it.
3. The tool can be used for detoxification with intestinal infections, dysentery, food poisoning.
4. Saline solution has plasma substituting properties, so it is often used to maintain plasma volume with severe blood loss, diabetic coma, burns, diarrhea.
5. The solution can be used as a means of washing the eyes with irritation of the cornea, provoked by allergies or inflammation.
6. It is also recommended to use saline solution for washing the nasal cavity in acute pathologies of a respiratory nature, after removal of polyps, adenoids, in order to prevent the development of sinusitis, with rhinopharyngitis, and a cold of allergic origin.
7. In combination with other medicines or without them, the solution can be used for inhalation of the respiratory tract.
8. Due to its neutral environment, saline is an ideal means of dissolving other drugs with the aim of subsequent injection or infusion.
9. For wetting gauze dressings, bandages, treatment of wound surfaces.
   

Indications for use

1. First of all, a hypertonic solution is used to eliminate an acute deficiency in the body of chloride and sodium ions.
2. The introduction of a hypertonic solution contributes to the rapid restoration of water-salt balance, disturbed due to diarrhea, severe vomiting, burns, intestinal, pulmonary, gastric bleeding.
3. Hypertonic solution is an ambulance for intoxication with silver nitrates.
4. It can be used as a means of washing the nasal cavity with sinusitis.
5. Treatment of wound surfaces.
6. Eliminate constipation by administering as an enema.
7. It can also be an auxiliary means of rapidly increasing the volume of urine excreted.

Contraindications

Do not use physiological saline sodium chloride for injection in the following cases:

1. Changes, impaired renal function.
2. The use of corticosteroid drugs.
3. Excess fluid in extracellular spaces.
4. Intracellular dehydration.
5. Acute forms of heart failure.
6. Pulmonary edema.
7. Cerebral edema.
8. Violations of the fluid circulation, provoking swelling of the brain, lungs.
9. Potassium deficiency.
10. Elevated levels of chloride and sodium ions in the body.
    

Hypertonic solution is absolutely forbidden to enter subcutaneously and intramuscularly. The result of this application may be tissue necrosis. Otherwise, hypertonic solution should not be used in the same cases as physiological.

Negative impact

With the use of sodium chloride for injection, certain adverse reactions may develop.

Intravenous administration can cause local reactions - hyperemia, burning. Use for a long time can provoke the appearance of symptoms of intoxication.

In addition, the following negative symptoms may occur:

1. Potassium deficiency in the blood.
2. Increased acidity.
3. Swelling.
4. Disorders of the cycle of menstruation.
5. Anemia.
6. Dermatitis.
7. Increased blood pressure, increased heart rate.
8. Great thirst, lacrimation, restlessness, sweating, weakness, headache, dizziness.
9. Gastric cramps, vomiting, diarrhea, nausea.
10. Symptoms of intoxication (with prolonged use).
    

Use of solution

A physiological solution of sodium chloride for injection of 0.9% should be administered to the patient subcutaneously, intravenously, drip intravenously. The latter route of administration is commonly used.

Before use, the solution should be heated to the temperature of the human body. The volume of the drug is calculated based on the patient's condition and the amount of fluid that he has lost. In addition, age and body weight should be considered.

The average daily dose of the solution is 0.5 liters. This amount is able to completely cover the daily requirement of the human body for substances. In case of severe intoxication, excessive dehydration, a dose increase of up to 3 liters is allowed.

The substance should be administered at a rate of 540 ml / h. If there is an urgent need, the speed can be increased to 70 drops / min.

When treating children, the dosage is calculated taking into account body weight, age. As a rule, it is 20-100 ml. Prolonged use of the drug involves periodic monitoring of the state of urine and blood.

In order to prepare other medicines, the solution is used in a volume of 50-250 ml as an auxiliary component (for a dropper).

How to administer the drug?

Hypertonic solution can be administered only intravenously, in a jet. The rate of administration should be very slow, the volume used is 10-30 ml.

In order to immediately replenish chlorine and sodium ions, a drop-wise administration of a hypertonic solution in an amount of 100 ml is indicated.

Enemas based on hypertonic sodium chloride solution for injection (5 ml) can be used to eliminate constipation. They are also effective in erosive lesions and inflammations of the colon, hypertension, renal, cardiac edema, intracranial pressure.

Compresses based on hypertonic solution are used for boils, abscesses, purulent wounds.

Both types of sodium chloride solution can be used to treat the nasal cavity, clean it from pus, mucus. For such purposes, the tool is specially produced in the form of a spray, however, you can instill the tool in the nose using a conventional pipette. It is shown to instill 2 drops of the drug in each nasal passage.

In order to treat pathologies of the upper respiratory system and colds, inhalations based on physiological saline can be used. The solution itself greatly facilitates the process of sputum discharge. If necessary, you can add drugs to it ("Gedelix", "Ambroxol", "Lazolvan"). To alleviate the symptoms of bronchial asthma, bronchodilator drugs, such as Berodual, can be added to saline.

We examined the description of sodium chloride solution for injection of 10% and 0.9%.