In order to carry out any surgical operation, the doctor needs a special drug that has an analgesic effect. That is, an anesthetic is needed. One of these is Ketamine. Instructions for use of this drug should be carefully studied before it is administered to the patient.
General description and composition of the drug
A substance is a liquid that has a slight tint or no color at all. 1 ml of this product contains 57.6 mg of ketamine hydrochloride. Other ingredients include benzalkonium chloride, sodium chloride , and injectable water.
A medicine is used for intramuscular or intravenous administration. If it is necessary to use "Ketamine", the instructions for use speak about these forms of release:
- Ampoules with a total content of at least 2 ml. The package contains 5 bottles.
- 5 ml bottles.
Pharmacological action of the drug
The presented substance has a good analgesic effect, which, however, does not last long. In addition, “Ketamine” (instructions for use of the product are in the package) cannot provide the proper level of analgesia during abdominal operations. During taking the drug, consciousness is not completely inhibited, and the swallowing, coughing and laryngeal reflex is preserved. After administration of the drug, the following symptoms are observed in patients: increased blood pressure, myocardial contractility. The tone of skeletal muscles in this case does not decrease.
After the end of the action of the drug, a person has drowsiness, which can provoke the appearance of hallucinations, very vivid dreams. In addition, after the completion of the anesthetic effect, the patient may disorient in space. This period can last up to 8 hours. If you take the substance together with antipsychotics, then all these effects reduce their intensity and brightness. The maximum validity period is 2-3 hours.
With intramuscular administration, this effect can be increased. The drug begins its action after 10 minutes. It should be noted that the drug at a dose of 1 mg / kg can inhibit the creation of just 6 minutes. In order to achieve a 25-minute anesthetic effect, it is necessary to enter 4-8 mg / kg. “Ketamine” (instructions for use - this is a guide to action) is well distributed throughout the body and penetrates the blood-brain barrier. And he binds to plasma proteins only 12%. The half-life of the substance is 2 hours. The drug is excreted from the body along with urine, although a small amount of metabolites can be observed in the body for several more days.
Indications for use
If the doctor decided to prescribe "Ketamine hydrochloride", the instructions for use will help to understand the indications for using the drug. Among them are the following:
• Conducting surgical operations, characterized by a short duration. Moreover, the need for muscle relaxation does not matter. It is especially indicated for those people who have low blood pressure.
• Transportation of patients to other medical facilities.
• The need for basic anesthesia.
• Burn treatments.
• Carrying out instrumental manipulations that can cause severe pain.
• The need for emergency operations due to traumatic shock, severe bleeding.
• Insertion of a catheter into the heart.
• Cesarean section or gynecological surgery.
• Surgical manipulations in animals.
Contraindications
If Ketamine is prescribed for you, the instructions for use (this medicine is also allowed in veterinary medicine) indicates the following contraindications:
1. Too high sensitivity to the components of the drug.
2. Arterial hypertension, in which there is a persistent increase in pressure.
3. Myocardial infarction or angina pectoris in the last six months.
4. Too much kidney failure.
5. Disruption of blood circulation in the brain.
6. Convulsive conditions and epilepsy, including in children.
7. Pregnancy and lactation.
8. Alcoholism.
Very careful should be those patients who have chronic heart failure, as well as who need to have surgery on the throat or larynx. In this case, muscle relaxant can be additionally applied.
Features of admission and dosage
This medicine can be injected into a vein (with streaming or drip) or intramuscularly. If the operation will be carried out by adults, then the substance must be administered intravenously. The amount of the drug is 2-3 mg / kg of body weight. If intramuscular injection is planned, then 4-8 mg / kg of weight is already needed. In order for the anesthetic effect to continue further, it is necessary to administer the Ketamine solution at a rate of 2 mg / kg per hour. If a dropper is used, then a 0.1% solution is administered at a rate of 20-50 drops per minute.
The description and instruction of “Ketamine” must be explained to parents if the operation will be performed on the child. In this case, the drug can be used as a basic or basic anesthesia. If the second option is chosen, then the drug should be installed intramuscularly or intravenously. The dose depends on the age of the child and is 8-12 mg / kg for infants, 6-10 mg / kg for a baby from 1 to 6 years old, about 4-8 mg / kg for older children and adolescents. If intravenous injections are used, then it is already necessary to introduce 2-3 mg / kg, with periodic addition of the drug throughout the operation.
Strengthen the effect of the drug with the help of "Fentanyl", "Promedol", "Droperidol." In this case, the dose of "Ketamine" is necessarily reduced.
What unwanted effects may occur?
If a doctor needs to use Ketamine, the instructions for use (the price of the drug is about 150 rubles) warns you about the possible occurrence of such undesirable reactions:
• Tachycardia and increased pressure.
• Excessive salivation.
• The appearance of hallucinations, as well as severe psychomotor agitation during recovery from anesthesia.
• Shortness of breath and respiratory depression.
• Pain.
• Redness at the injection site is possible.
• Disorientation in space.
If an overdose of the drug occurs, respiratory depression may occur. In this case, you need to do artificial ventilation of the lungs. If a convulsive syndrome is observed, then it can be removed using a tool such as Diazepam.
special instructions
After administration of the drug, the patient should not engage in any dangerous activities that require increased attention during the day. Never drive a car. Besides:
• Co-administration of the presented medicine with barbiturates is strictly prohibited.
• Use the medicine only by a qualified doctor. You cannot buy it in pharmacies without a prescription. The drug is used only in an ambulance or hospital ward.
• In order to reduce salivation, Atropine can be used.
• During the use of this medicine, you must always monitor the patient’s breathing, especially the activity of the upper respiratory tract, as a spasm of the chewing muscles is possible.
• Diazepam not only helps reduce the likelihood of involuntary muscle twitching, but also prevents the psychomimetic effect.
As for the combination with other drugs, "Ketamine" is able to enhance the effect of narcotic analgesics , antipsychotics, tranquilizers and other substances that can inhibit the functioning of the central nervous system.
Reviews, analogues and storage features
If you need surgery, then the anesthetist has the right to use a medicine such as Ketamine. Instructions for use (in ampoules with a content of 2 ml the drug is used most often) also provides for the presence of analogues that may have a similar composition. Perhaps other drugs containing the same active substance will suit you much more. Among the analogues can be called such: "Calypsol", "Ketanest", "Ketalar".
Store the product in a cool place where children cannot reach. The drug is produced only by prescription, while at home it is strictly forbidden to use it. Storage temperature should not exceed 30 degrees. The medicine packaging must be tightly closed. The shelf life of the substance is 24 months.
As for the patient reviews, they are very different. For example, the effectiveness of the drug is considered a positive point, since the patient does not feel pain. However, the effects of anesthesia are very unpleasant. The exit from anesthesia, according to most patients, is very difficult.
Now you know all the information about Ketamine. Instructions for use, price, reviews are not a secret for you. Be healthy!