The article will detail the treatment and diagnosis of diabetes. This ailment is one of the types of metabolic disorders in the human body, which is characterized by an increase in blood sugar. The disease occurs, as a rule, with defects in the production of insulin in the body, as well as a violation of its functions. There are cases when in diabetes mellitus both of these factors occur.
In addition to the fact that the level of sugar increases, this disease is characterized by its excretion in the urine, impaired fat, mineral and protein metabolism, increased thirst.
Timely diagnosis of diabetes is very important.
Types of disease
The following varieties of this disease:
- Type 1 diabetes, when the death of beta cells of an organ such as the pancreas is observed. These cells are known to produce insulin.
- Type 2 diabetes, when tissue immunity to insulin develops or a defect in its production occurs.
- A gestational type that can occur during pregnancy.
Clinic, diagnosis, treatment of diabetes are of interest to many.
The second type of disease is characterized by:
- Excess weight. A common cause of the disease is a tendency to obesity, poor physical activity, smoking, nutritional errors and overeating.
- Hereditary predisposition. Type 2 diabetes can often be inherited from immediate family members. If with type 1, insulin deficiency is of paramount importance, while with type 2 it is relative. Often there is enough insulin in the blood, and sometimes its performance is even higher than normal. But the tissues lose their sensitivity to it.
- Hidden symptoms in the early stages. This is the main risk of serious health consequences. A person can even suddenly fall into a coma.
Other varieties
Other types of diabetes can occur for the following reasons:
- diabetes, which is caused by a variety of infections;
- genetic abnormalities;
- diabetes, the cause of which is the use of medications or other chemicals;
- pancreatitis or pancreatic injury, its removal, thyrotoxicosis, Itsenko-Cushing's syndrome.
Diagnosis of diabetes is often difficult.
Symptoms of the disease
Diabetes mellitus can manifest itself in the following conditions:
- general weakness;
- increased appetite;
- thirst and excessive urination;
- vitiligo and other skin lesions;
- decreased visual acuity.
The success of the treatment will provide:
- determination of a specific form of diabetes;
- assessment of the general condition of the body;
- identification of all complications and pathologies.
Differences between Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes
Characteristic signs of type 1 diabetes:
- frequent urination
- dry mouth, constant thirst;
- weight loss.
Symptoms are developing rapidly. The onset of the disease by the patient is determined exactly. People get sick more often at a young age.
In the second type of the disease, the symptoms are hidden in the first stages. The patient may consult a doctor about the treatment of pathologies such as:
- retinopathy
- cataract;
- coronary artery disease;
- impaired cerebral circulation;
- vascular damage in the limbs;
- renal failure, etc.
Diagnosis of diabetes mellitus - detection of glycated hemoglobin level
If a person has the above symptoms of diabetes, and blood sugar levels are significantly increased, the doctor starts a diagnosis to confirm the diagnosis.
First of all, this is a special blood test for glycated hemoglobin. Diagnosis of diabetes mellitus is not necessary on an empty stomach, and the results do not depend on the presence in the body of inflammatory processes, alcohol in the blood and other factors. Nevertheless, it may be difficult to analyze anemia patients when the level of total hemoglobin is significantly reduced. This study applies to all categories of patients, excluding pregnant women. They need glucose tolerance testing. If the analysis revealed that the patient’s glycated hemoglobin is 6.5% or higher, he is diagnosed with diabetes mellitus, since in healthy people this indicator does not exceed, as a rule, 5%.
What else is the diagnosis of diabetes?
Diagnosis of prediabetic conditions
In pre-diabetic conditions, this indicator can be 5.5-6.3%. This means that the patient has an increased risk of death due to the presence of cardiovascular diseases. In addition, chronic complications that are provoked by diabetes mellitus develop.
Prediabetes is easy to control if you use special treatments that are used for type 2 diabetes. In this case, the patient must follow a strict diet and take medications, and if necessary, do injections of insulin.
Diagnosis of type 2 diabetes is very common.
Sugar level
A disease of the second type is primarily characterized by a high level of glucose. This indicator may be more than 7 mmol / L. In this case, there is a violation of the susceptibility of tissues and their cells to insulin. With this type of diabetes, a single blood test will not be enough to make an accurate diagnosis. It is carried out in 2 stages. The first sampling of the material for analysis is carried out on an empty stomach, the second - after eating. Such a study is usually more informative.
Diagnosis of the type of diabetes is directly dependent.
An increase in glucose causes serious damage to health, because as a result of this, chronic kidney damage develops, vision deteriorates, blood vessels and capillaries suffer. These complications can occur even with glucose values above 6.0 mmol / L, with a norm of up to 5 mmol / L.
The diagnosis of this disease in pregnant women is somewhat different from the usual one, since blood glucose can be lower than in patients with this disease, which significantly complicates the process of making an adequate diagnosis. Differential diagnosis of diabetes is important.
Other analyzes are: blood for creatinine, blood biochemistry, general and daily urine tests, and others.
Diabetes treatment
In most patients who comply with the instructions of the attending physician, laboratory tests are usually normal. In addition to the diet, diabetics are shown regular exercise and weight control.
Dietary nutrition for all types of diabetes provides for the normalization of fat and carbohydrate metabolism in the body.
Treatment of this disease can be carried out using insulin preparations, which are divided into 4 groups:
- ultrashort preparations, which already 10-20 minutes after administration have a therapeutic effect lasting 3-4 hours;
- fast-acting drugs that begin to act in 20-30 minutes, and the duration of their work is up to 8 hours;
- drugs of medium duration of action - work up to 20 hours, and begin to act approximately 1-2 hours after taking;
- long-acting drugs - up to 26 hours, with the onset of action - after 3 hours.
Dosage insulin preparations should be prescribed only by an endocrinologist in each particular case of the disease.
Insulin administration
At the site of administration of insulin preparations, it is necessary to create a skin fold in order to correctly install the needle. It should not be introduced into the muscle tissue, namely under the skin layer. Such a fold should be wide, the needle insertion angle should be approximately 45 °. In this case, areas of skin seals should be avoided.
There are also differences in the administration of insulin preparations depending on the duration of their action. So, drugs with a shortened effect are introduced into the fatty tissue of the abdomen, about half an hour before a meal. Long-acting insulin is injected under the skin of the thighs or buttocks.