What kind of disease is chronic posthemorrhagic anemia (according to ICD-10 code - D50.0.) And how to treat it? This will be discussed in this article. Anyone can get this disease. Acute posthemorrhagic anemia (in other words - acute anemia) can develop as a result of intense bleeding for a short time.
The disease will be detected if significant clinical and hematological changes begin to occur in the body, the patient is diagnosed with acute or chronic blood loss. The patient shows a decrease in a significant amount of blood. Hemoglobin must comply with the established norm: for males, the indicator should not fall below 130 g / l, for females - not lower than 120 g / l. Indicators less than the established norms are considered a deviation, which provokes the development of posthemorrhagic disease.
Hemoglobin is a protein responsible for supplying oxygen to the entire body. When the patient's hemoglobin level drops, the cells of the body experience oxygen starvation, which can affect the functional activity of not only organs, but also the entire system of the organism as a whole.
For chronic posthemorrhagic anemia, the ICD-10 code is assigned D50.0.
Shape difference
The disease is divided into acute and chronic.
Acute disease from chronic posthemorrhagic anemia is different in that the patient has severe blood loss. In the chronic form, the patient has an iron deficiency that can be replenished.
Symptoms
Considering the many symptoms of chronic posthemorrhagic anemia, it should be noted that each patient has different symptoms. There is a pale complexion, shortness of breath, constant darkening in the eyes, often dizzy, weakness in the body, hypothermia and hypotension develop. If a person is seriously ill, he has huge blood loss, certain symptoms may occur: the patient’s movements are inhibited, which leads to loss of consciousness or he may experience a shock condition.
To determine whether the patient has posthemorrhagic anemia, the patient should be diagnosed as soon as possible. At the same time, he must pass a general blood test in the clinic and only then, if specific signs are found, can the picture of the disease be determined: at what stage it is and how to treat the patient.
Having established the cause, it is urgent to eliminate the source of blood loss, while conducting special therapy. After determining the disease, the rhythm of the heartbeat and pulse are checked. In the presence of a weak and frequent pulse, the patient may experience arterial hypotension, which negatively affects human health. Young children can also suffer from chronic anemia, but here we can say that the course of the disease in them is much harder than in adults. They can also have lowered hemoglobin, which is replenished with special drugs.
Considering the numerous symptoms of posthemorrhagic anemia, it can be noted that they depend on the amount of blood loss and the duration of the course of the disease. At the beginning of the course of the disease, in the presence of profuse blood loss, the patient shows signs of sharp weakness in the body, pallor of the face, flickering in the eyes, dry mouth, possibly a decrease in body temperature, a cold sweat worries the person.
Causes of the disease
The causes of the formation of the disease are quite diverse and are determined on an outpatient basis.
Firstly, an acute loss of blood in a patient can occur if he has received a certain injury or through surgical intervention, internal bleeding (often bleeding can occur as a result of a stomach or duodenal disease), during pregnancy and other pathologies that can occur with female diseases . The disease occurs as a result of lung disease, as well as a disease of the esophagus. To stop bleeding in a patient, the source of the loss must first be sought.
Secondly, bleeding can be triggered by any tumors, the patient's vessels may be affected (hereditarily or as a result of an acquired ailment).
Causes of chronic posthemorrhagic anemia can be hemorrhages (when blood flows from the vessels) from the female genital organs and bleeding of different localization associated with hemorrhagic diathesis (thrombocytopenia, hemophilia). The same factors will play a role if the patient has been taking anticoagulants for a long time that inhibit the appearance of fibrin strands, prevent blood clots, stop the growth of blood clots that have already arisen, and increase the effect of enzymes on blood clots.
The main cause of chronic posthemorrhagic anemia, doctors call acute or chronic blood loss resulting from external or internal bleeding.
Often there are losses of insignificant volumes of blood during gastrointestinal hemorrhoidal, renal, nosebleeds, in case of blood coagulation disorder. Various tumors that occur in the stomach or elsewhere can be painful, while destroying the patient’s tissue and organs, leading to the development of internal bleeding and further this type of anemia.
Degrees of development
It is important to distinguish between the degree of development of chronic anemia:
- 1 degree. The hemoglobin index in a patient shows below 120 g / l, but above 90 g / l. The first degree is mild, since hemoglobin is slightly reduced. With this course of the disease, the patient does not have severe symptoms, rarely weakness of the general organism and fatigue increases. These are the first signs of the development of the disease. At the first calls, the patient should immediately pass an analysis and seek help from a specialist to restore hemoglobin and select the required diet.
- 2 degree - moderate. Hemoglobin levels can vary between 90 and 70 g / L. The patient may experience initial signs of the development of the disease: dizzy, shortness of breath appears. The brain is poorly supplied with oxygen, in connection with this, the patient is recommended to visit the street more often, breathe fresh air, and eat special microelements and vitamins in the form of iron.
- Grade 3 is the most serious and severe when the patient’s hemoglobin is below the level of 70 g / l. The patient’s life is in danger. Hair can fall out, there is a change not only in the hair, but also in the nails. At this stage of the disease, disorders in the work of the heart, blood thinning appear. Numbness of the limbs is felt. At this stage, it is important to follow all the advice of a specialist in increasing hemoglobin. Failure to comply with the recommendations can lead to a deplorable outcome, in particular, to the death of the patient.
Acute stages
Acute hemorrhagic anemia can occur in three stages:
- In a patient suffering from a chronic form of the disease, first of all, a decrease in blood pressure occurs, pallor is noticeably expressed on the face, tachycardia, shortness of breath occurs.
- In the second stage, after a few hours, the patient begins to decrease the number of red blood cells, and thereby hemoglobin decreases. Liquid enters the plasma and the vascular bed begins to fill up, such a process takes about two days.
- The third stage begins from the fourth to the fifth day, when the disease has already begun to develop and progress. Plasma iron levels are very low.
What can be observed in a sick person in a blood test
For an accurate diagnosis, it is recommended to take the analysis several times. The blood picture in chronic posthemorrhagic anemia will be as follows.
In the first minutes, the Hb content may even be high due to a decrease in bcc. When tissue fluid enters the vascular bed, these indicators decrease even when the bleeding stops. The color index is usually normal, since there is a simultaneous loss of both red blood cells and iron, that is, normochromic anemia. On the second day, the number of reticulocytes increases, reaching a maximum on the fourth or seventh day, that is, anemia is hyperregenerative.
Disease treatment
It is possible to cure the disease posthemorrhagic anemia, but the patient will need a long time and tremendous effort to do this.
To cure the patient, a source of bleeding should be established. If a person bleeds from a wound on the skin, it is necessary to try to eliminate the site of loss by dressing or by suturing blood vessels. If the patient has insufficient blood coagulability, this presents characteristic problems during various injuries and bleeding, which will not be easy to stop in the future, which will ultimately lead to anemia.
The most severe form of the course of the disease can be cured by transfusion of a high dose of blood (in another way, “blood transplantation”). For rehabilitation, blood substituting solutions can be added.
For recovery procedures, the patient is recommended to correct the qualitative composition of the blood by replenishing it with various components. Further, the patient will increase blood pressure, which can be judged on a successful procedure. If the patient does not recover, he is recommended to administer solutions that should help restore the water-salt balance and make up for the vitamin deficiency.
It is possible to cure a patient from a chronic form of anemia, it is advisable using a variety of vitamin preparations: iron, B vitamins.
The patient needs to be prescribed symptomatic therapy, which helps to eliminate disorders and normalize the functioning of the cardiovascular and respiratory system, liver, and kidneys.
The final diagnosis should only be made by a specialist, based on the symptoms; blood must be given to confirm the disease. The necessary procedures are selected by the doctor. The specialist determines which drug should be taken and how the patient should be treated in the future.
Drug therapy
For the treatment of chronic posthemorrhagic anemia, a specialist must prescribe to the patient preparations of ferrous or ferric iron. In moderate and severe forms, a therapeutic diet is combined with the appointment of drugs that supply iron in an easily digestible form. Medications differ in type of compound, dosage, form of release: tablets, dragees, syrups, drops, capsules, solutions for injection. The interval between doses of drugs should be at least four hours. Iron preparations in the course of treatment are taken from three to four weeks to several months with periodic monitoring of hemoglobin levels. Preparations containing ferrous iron have significant advantages over ferric, since they are absorbed by the body faster than other drugs. But you can not abuse these drugs! They are well absorbed by the body, and most often it can be dangerous, since exceeding doses of iron can lead to negative effects: the patient can be poisoned with excessive use of such a drug. Deterioration of the assimilation process can trigger such products: tea and milk. You can not use vitamins and iron for a long time, since hemoglobin will increase rapidly, which can also lead to certain disorders. To determine the effectiveness of therapy, the patient will again need to donate blood to make sure of his recovery.
Disease treatment prognosis
Treatment of a patient with posthemorrhagic anemia is a long and voluminous recovery process.
If the patient sharply lost ¼ of blood, such a loss can adversely affect human health and subsequently lead to the development of acute anemia. A patient is expected to die if blood loss is ½. If the patient slowly lost blood in significant volumes, there is no great danger to life, since it can be compensated as a result of the introduction of various components into the body.
To correct chronic posthemorrhagic anemia, all medications prescribed by the doctor should be used, as well as normalizing nutrition. It should include only high-quality foods high in iron, vitamins, and trace elements.
You can cure the patient, but a lot of effort will be expended on his recovery. Before full rehabilitation, more than two months from the day the development of a progressive disease begins. At the same time, a sick person will feel better and better, gradually restoring his strength lost with blood loss and lowering hemoglobin level.
Patient Disability
Disability in chronic posthemorrhagic anemia is prescribed depending on the degree of the disease. With moderate severity, a disability group of 3 is assigned, in which you can work. But the load can be both ordinary and sparing.
In severe posthemorrhagic anemia, a second group is given. Working conditions should be specialized, simplified or at home.
A few words in conclusion
The chronic form of anemia is a serious illness and should not be neglected. For severe symptoms, it is important to seek medical help. It is better not to get sick, but to monitor your health, follow a proper diet and consume vitamins that increase hemoglobin in the blood.