Penicillin-derived antimicrobials have low toxicity and a wide range of effects. They have an antibacterial effect on a large number of both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.
The effect of penicillin antimicrobial agents is determined by their ability to provoke the death of pathogenic microflora. Penicillin antibiotics act bactericidal, entering into contact with bacterial enzymes, disrupting the synthesis of the bacterial wall.
The target for such antimicrobial agents are multiplying bacterial cells. For humans, these drugs are safe because the membranes of human cells do not have bacterial peptidoglycan.
Classification
There are two main groups of penicillins:
A number of natural penicillin antibiotics , which are obtained from the penicillus microorganism, are not resistant to bacterial enzymes with the ability to break down beta-lactam substances. Because of this, the spectrum of action of the natural penicillin series is reduced in comparison with the group of semisynthetic agents. What are the names of antibiotics in the penicillin series?
Penicillins action spectrum
Natural antimicrobial agents of this group exhibit increased activity against the following bacteria:
- Staphylococcus
- Streptococcus.
- Pneumococcus
- Listeria.
- Bacillum.
- Meningococcus
- Gonococcus
- The stick of Ducrey-Unna.
- Clostridia.
- Fusobacteria.
- Actinomycetes.
- Leptospira.
- Borrelia.
- Pale spirochete.
The spectrum of influence of semisynthetic penicillin antibiotics is somewhat wider than that of natural ones.
Antimicrobial agents from this list are classified according to the spectrum of exposure, as:
- not active to Pseudomonas aeruginosa;
- anti-pustulent drugs.
When are penicillins prescribed?
Antimicrobial agents of this group are used to eliminate:
- Pneumonia (acute pneumonia, usually of infectious origin, which affects all elements of the structure of the organ).
- Bronchitis (damage to the respiratory system, in which the bronchi are involved in the inflammatory process).
- Otitis (inflammatory process in different parts of the ear).
- Sore throats (an infectious and allergic process that affects the pharyngeal lymphoid ring).
- Tonsillopharyngitis (acute infectious lesion of the pharynx and palatine tonsils).
- Scarlet fever (acute illness, which is characterized by intoxication of the body, rashes throughout the body, as well as fever and redness of the tongue).
- Cystitis (bladder damage).
- Pyelonephritis (non-specific inflammation with damage to the tubular system of the kidney).
- Gonorrhea (a sexually transmitted disease that provokes damage to the mucous membranes of organs).
- Syphilis (chronic damage to the skin, as well as mucous membranes, internal organs).
- Skin infections.
- Osteomyelitis (an infectious disease in which not only the bone and bone marrow are affected, but the whole body).
- Blennorrhea of newborns (a disease characterized by purulent conjunctivitis, hyperemia of the eyelids and suppuration from them).
- Bacterial lesions of the mucous membranes, connective tissue.
- Leptospirosis (an acute infectious disease caused by bacteria of the genus Leptospira).
- Actinomycosis (a chronic disease from the mycosis group, which is characterized by the formation of granulomatous foci).
- Meningitis (a disease that is caused by damage to the membranes of the brain and spinal cord).
Aminopenicillins
Antibacterial agents from the list of aminopenicillins show increased effectiveness against a large number of infections that are provoked by the bacteria Enterobacteriaceae, as well as Helicobacter pylori and Haemophilus influenzae. Names of penicillin antibiotics, list of drugs:
- Ampicillin.
- Amoxicillin.
- "Flemoxin Solutab".
- Ospamox.
- Amosin.
- "Ecobol".
The action of antibacterial drugs from the list of ampicillins and amoxicillins, the effects of these medicines are similar.
The antimicrobial agents of the ampicillin series have a much lesser effect on pneumococci, but the activity of Ampicillin and its generics with the following names of antibiotics of the penicillin series Ampicillin Akos, Ampicillin trihydrate is somewhat stronger in eliminating shigella.
The amoxicillin series is more effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, but some members of the group are eliminated by bacterial penicillinases.
List of penicillin antibiotic names
The drugs are most effective in combating ailments:
- "Oxacillin."
- "Dicloxacillin."
- "Nafcillin."
- "Methicillin."
Medicines show resistance to staphylococcal penicillinases, which eliminate other drugs of this series. The most popular is Oxacillin.
Anti-Pseudomonas penicillins
The drugs of this drug group have an extensive spectrum of action, they are effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which provokes cystitis, as well as tonsillitis and skin infections. What items are on the list of drugs?
Penicillin antibiotics (names):
- "Carbetsin".
- Piopen
- "Timentin."
- "Securoopen."
- "Pitsillin."
Combination drugs
Inhibitor-protected penicillins include medications, which include an antibiotic and a component that blocks the activity of bacterial beta-lactamases.
As inhibitors are:
- clavulanic acid;
- tazobactam;
- sulbactam.
To eliminate respiratory and urogenital infections, the following penicillin antibiotics are usually used:
- "Augmentin."
- Amoxiclav.
- Amoxil.
- "Unazin."
Medicines of combined influence include the antimicrobial drug Ampioks and its generic drug Ampioks-sodium, which contains Ampicillin and Oxacillin.
Ampioks is produced in tablet form and in the form of powder for injections. The drug is used in the treatment of children and adult patients from sepsis, as well as septic endocarditis.
Medications for adults
The list of semi-synthetic drugs that are good for tonsillitis, as well as otitis media, pharyngitis, sinusitis and pneumonia, diseases of the genitourinary system, tablets and injections:
- Hikontsil.
- Ospamox.
- Amoxiclav.
- Amoksikar.
- Ampicillin.
- "Augmentin."
- "Flemoxin Solutab".
- Amoxiclav.
- "Piperacillin."
- "Ticarcillin."
Against prostatitis, such antimicrobial agents are not used, since they do not enter the prostate tissue. With allergic manifestations of penicillins, the patient may experience nettle rash, anaphylaxis, and with cephalosporin therapy.
Ampicillin
The drug inhibits the connection of the cell walls of bacteria, due to its antimicrobial effect. The drug affects coccal microorganisms and a large number of gram-negative bacteria. Under the influence of penicillinase, Ampicillin is destroyed, therefore, it is not effective against penicillin-forming pathogens.
"Flemoxin Solutab"
People prone to allergies to medications need a sensitivity test before treatment. The medication is not prescribed for patients who already had intense adverse reactions to penicillin.
Treatment must be completed. Interruption of therapy ahead of schedule can lead to the development of resistance of pathogens to the active substance and the transition of the disease to the chronic stage.
Amoxiclav
The composition of the drug also includes amoxicillin, which is considered an antibiotic of penicillin, its molecule contains a beta-lactam ring. It exhibits activity against many bacteria, and also has a bactericidal effect due to impaired cell wall synthesis. Amoxiclav is a new antibiotic of the penicillin series.
To preserve the activity of an antimicrobial agent in the drug, the second active ingredient is clavulanic acid. This compound irreversibly neutralizes the enzyme β-lactamase, which makes these pathogens susceptible to amoxicillin.
Augmentin
The drug has a prolonged effect, which differs significantly from other drugs based on amoxicillin. With this medication can be used to eliminate pneumonia, which is resistant to penicillins.
After penetration into the active components - amoxicillin and clavulanic acid - quickly dissolve and absorb into the stomach and intestines. The maximum pharmacological effect is manifested in the situation if the patient takes the drug before eating.
The content of the active substances of the drug is evenly distributed throughout all organs and systems - the chest and abdominal cavities, as well as the tissues, penetrates into bile, is found in pathological secretion, purulent secretions.
Penicillins for the treatment of children
Penicillin antibiotics are practically non-toxic, which is why they are usually recommended for use in children with infectious diseases. In most cases, preference is given to inhibitor-protected penicillins, which are intended for oral use.
Amoxicillin and generics, Augmentin, Amoxiclav, as well as Flemoxin and Flemoclav Solutab are on the penicillin series of antimicrobials for children. Medicines in the form of dispersible tablets act no less effectively than injections, and provoke less problems during treatment.
From birth, Ospamox is used to treat children, and a number of its substitutes are available in soluble tablets, as well as granules and powder for the manufacture of suspensions. The doctor makes the dosing appointment based on the age and body weight of the child.
In children, the accumulation of penicillins in the body is possible, which is provoked by the urinary system or by kidney damage. The increased content of antimicrobial substances in the blood has a toxic effect on nerve cells, which is manifested by spasms. If such signs occur, the therapy is stopped, and the penicillin antibiotic is replaced with a medication of another group.
Ospamox
The medication is made in two dosage forms - tablets and granules. The dosage of the drug according to the instructions for use depends on the localization of the infectious process. Ospamox is a modern penicillin antibiotic for children.
Daily concentration is divided into several uses. Duration of therapy: until symptoms are eliminated, plus five days To make a suspension, the vial of granules is filled with water, then shaken. The dosage of the medication for Ospamox will be as follows:
- infants under one year of age are prescribed a suspension at a concentration of 125 mg / 5 ml - 5 milliliters (1 spoon) twice a day;
- babies from one to six years old - a suspension of 5 to 7.5 milliliters (1-1.5 tablespoons) twice a day;
- children from six to ten years old - a suspension of 7.5 to 10 ml twice a day;
- patients from ten to fourteen years old are already prescribed a tablet form of the drug - 1 tablet 500 milligrams twice a day;
- adolescents - 1.5 tablets of 500 mg twice a day.
Contraindications and side effects
Restrictions for admission include an allergy to penicillin antibiotics. If rashes, skin itching have occurred during therapy, it is necessary to stop the use of drugs and consult a doctor.
Allergies can be manifested by Quincke's edema, anaphylaxis. The list of adverse reactions in penicillins is small. The main negative phenomenon is the inhibition of beneficial intestinal microflora.
Diarrhea, thrush, skin rashes are the main negative reactions when using penicillins. Less common are the following effects:
- Nausea.
- Vomiting
- Migraine.
- Pseudomembranous colitis.
- Edema.
The use of benzylpenicillins, as well as carbenicillins, can provoke an electrolyte imbalance with the development of hyperkalemia or hypernatremia, which increases the likelihood of a heart attack, an increase in blood pressure.
An extensive list of adverse effects in "Oxacillin" and substitutes:
- The appearance of blood in urine.
- Temperature.
- Vomiting.
- Nausea.
To prevent the occurrence of negative effects, it is important to follow the instructions for use, as well as use the drug at the dosage prescribed by the doctor.
Opinions
According to reviews, penicillin antibiotics have become a real salvation for many people. Thanks to them, you can cope with most diseases, for example: pneumonia, as well as tuberculosis, sepsis and other ailments.
But the treatment of pathological conditions using antibiotics should be carried out only after a diagnosis is established and strictly according to the doctor’s order. Amoxiclav, Ampicillin, Flemoxin Solutab are the most effective antimicrobial agents.
In the reviews of medical specialists and people, as a rule, there are positive opinions about the drugs of these groups. It is noted that antimicrobial agents are effective in the treatment of respiratory diseases, and they are suitable for both adults and children. The responses mention the increased effectiveness of means for sinusitis, otitis media, and genital tract infections.