In the article, we will consider how complications arise after cystitis.
Inflammation of the bladder is a very common disease of the genitourinary system, especially among women, in whom it occurs much more often than in men. This is due to the features of the anatomical structure. Of the 10 cases of the development of this disease, only 2 are in men. The disease can manifest itself at any age. Experts say 97% of women had unpleasant symptoms associated with cystitis.
Description
Complications of cystitis are more painful than the primary symptoms. It happens that it seems that the disease was cured, but the clinical signs remained or returned. The transition of the disease into a chronic form brings significant discomfort with the occurrence of regular lumbar pain, frequent urination. The infection that provoked acute cystitis violates the integrity of the mucous membrane of the bladder and is activated on other organs, where it causes new forms of pathologies: if cystitis is not treated, it can become chronic.
An untreated inflammatory process in the bladder can develop into serious diseases and torment the patient for life. Complications of cystitis take several forms.
Hemorrhagic form
The main sign of this complication is the presence of blood in the urine, provoked by damage to the vessels of this organ. In this case, there are the presence of insignificant traces of blood, but sometimes it can also be large blood clots. Characterized by an increase in general temperature, sharp pain in the perineum, in the abdomen. The reason for the development of the pathological process is bacteria, viruses, fungi. Such inflammation can occur due to compression of the walls by increasing tumors, a foreign object, growths. The severity of the consequences of cystitis is serious - the genitourinary system fails, the patient experiences severe discomfort, pain.
Interstitial form
With the development of this form of complications of cystitis, damage to the mucous membrane and the muscle layer located below it is observed. Bacterial infection leads to scarring, erosion in the cavity of the bladder, blood in the urine may also be observed. The bladder ceases to cope normally with its functions, the elasticity of its walls, the ability to contract, and the organ decreases significantly in volume. The main symptoms of this form are an increasing number of urges, pain during filling the bladder. The chronic form of this complication is characterized by incontinence and dysfunction of the sphincter.
Gangrenous form
It is the most serious complication of cystitis, in which the entire wall of the bladder is affected. In this case, partial or complete death of the mucous membrane is noted. Running purulent processes, necrosis of the muscle membrane provoke such consequences of this complication of cystitis as perforation and paracystitis. The main signs of the pathological process are hematuria (the presence of blood in the urine). With this disease, urination does not bring the patient relief, he has general intoxication, pain in the muscles and joints, headaches.
What are the signs of cystitis complications in women?
Symptomatology
The manifestations of complicated cystitis include the following pathological conditions:
- Trigonitis, which is an inflammation that affects the area of the urinary bladder triangle, located between the mouths of the ureters and the internal sphincter of the urethra. Covers sphincter muscles. Acute trigonitis is caused by an infection that affects the posterior canal or occurs in men with prostatitis. The chronic form is most often found in women with an abnormal location of the reproductive organs, omission of the anterior or posterior walls of the vagina. This pathology is often diagnosed during cystoscopy. Symptoms of a complication of cystitis are similar to those that occur with an acute form of pathology.
- Paracystitis This pathological process develops when inflammation from the urine is transmitted to fiber tissue, the main function of which is to fill the space between the pelvic organs, providing them with nutrition, mobility, and normal internal position. Therapy is possible only through surgical intervention. How are complications of cystitis in the kidneys?
- Pyelonephritis is the most serious consequence of cystitis, in which an infectious agent in the ureters passes to the kidney tissue, where a purulent process develops. The main signs of this pathology can be considered fever, spasms of the anterior wall of the peritoneum, and a decrease in the amount of urine. Symptoms in some cases may not appear, which leads to a gradual wrinkling of the kidney and the development of renal failure. This disease in an advanced stage is fraught with death as a result of the development of peritonitis.
Symptoms of complications of cystitis in women should not be ignored.
Other inflammatory processes
Sometimes, as the negative consequences of this disease, the following inflammatory phenomena occur, which most often relate to a number of complications of chronic cystitis:
- Bubble-ureter reflux, which is a violation of the direction of urine flow through the ureters from the bladder to the kidneys. The cause of this pathological phenomenon is considered to be a decrease in the contractility of the sphincter due to inflammatory damage, and the most serious consequence of this complication may be organ loss.
- Cystalgia, which is a complication of cystitis, mainly among women. The patient has a painful condition, expressed, frequent urge to urinate, but there are no pathological changes in the organ. Specialists call this symptomatology the urethral syndrome. The development of this pathological phenomenon is facilitated by pregnancy, menstrual irregularities, menopause, chronic cystitis. Complications are not limited to this.
- Empyema and diffuse ulcerative cystitis. With insufficient therapy, the infection penetrates deep beneath the mucous membrane, while forming ulcers and bleeding ulcers. The structure of the mucous membrane is weakening, the development of various complications is possible. Scarring occurs, loss of elasticity of the bladder tissue, which contributes to the reduction of the organ in volume, other serious complications occur. Probably the formation of cysts and polyps. Empyema is a complication of cystitis that occurs with a significant accumulation of pus in the absence of outflow. Such a pathological phenomenon requires surgical intervention.
What is dangerous cystitis?
Cystitis is a great threat. It affects women more often because of the structural features of the reproductive system.
Dangerous complications of cystitis in women can occur at any age. Particularly affected are organs located next to the bladder (uterus and appendages, kidneys, intestines). The infection, which affects the organ through the lymphatic channels, gets to other organs, causing inflammatory processes in them.
Effects
What causes frequent relapse of this disease? The list includes:
- the occurrence of problems in the sexual sphere;
- modification and violation of the structure of the membranes of the bladder;
- inflammation of the uterus and appendages;
- sphincter dysfunctions leading to urinary incontinence;
- decreased reproductive ability;
- death of bladder tissue;
- bleeding due to the development of hematuria.
For the most part, the manifestation of acute cystitis is a pathology that develops rapidly, after about 10 days the disease subsides, the symptoms disappear. After a short period of time, pronounced, exhausting pains and increased urgency to urinate begin. The patient experiences a constant feeling of discomfort, becomes irritable, he has a disturbed nervous balance, develops depressive states - frequent adverse reactions of this ailment.
Who is most prone to complications after cystitis?
The risk group includes such patients:
- a person with reduced immunity, the presence of diseases in a chronic form;
- people regularly exposed to hypothermia;
- girls who began to live sexually;
- women during pregnancy;
- postmenopausal and menopausal women;
- people who lead a sedentary lifestyle;
- people who do not do enough personal hygiene;
- often changing sexual partners;
- women who use contraceptives containing spermicides.
Diagnosis of complications of acute cystitis and chronic
Diagnostic measures for the development of complications of this pathology include examination methods that determine not only the cause of the occurrence. They give an assessment of the general condition of the patient. To do this, use:
- General urine analysis. This examination is carried out for all pathologies of the urinary system. The results of this analysis showed an increase in the number of white blood cells, red blood cells, epithelial cells and the presence of pus. The degree of change in these indicators is proportional to the degree of organ damage.
- A general blood test for the number of shaped elements allows you to determine the cause of the disease, as well as its effect on the body.
- Bacteriological examination of urine is one of the important indicators for prescribing therapy, with which you can determine the type of bacteria that have become a factor in the development of the disease. Bacteria are observed in almost all complications of cystitis. Urine in this case is collected taking into account the principles of antiseptics and asepsis to prevent infection from the genitals. After that, the material is applied to the nutrient medium and to the thermostat.
- Ultrasound, which is performed to assess the condition of the bladder, pelvic organs and kidneys.
- Cystoscopy - a study is allowed only in the absence of acute stages of complications of cystitis. It is advisable to carry out with chronic cystitis at the stage of remission.
Treatment of this pathology: advice from doctors
To eliminate the complications of the pathology or prevent their development, it is necessary to follow these recommendations:
- bed rest;
- drug therapy;
- bulk drinking;
- diet.
In acute complications after cystitis in women, antibacterial drugs, antispasmodics, diuretic herbs are prescribed. In case of pain, drugs that relieve muscle spasm - “No-shpa”, “Papaverine” are recommended. Herbs are widely used - lingonberry leaf, bearberry, kidney teas. There are also a variety of herbal remedies - “Cyston”, “Kanefron”, “Phytolysin”. To alleviate the condition, use warm baths with soda solution.
Diet with complications of cystitis should exclude spices, marinades, pickles. It is useful to consume dairy products, vegetables, fruits.