Thyroid hypovolemia is a rare diagnosis in endocrinology. This is a disease characterized by a decrease in blood volume, which is a pathological condition. Hypovolemia, by definition, is a mismatch of the amount of blood needed by the body, a decrease in the level of fluid in thyroid tissue and the amount of hormones synthesized by it.
Blood problems are dangerous with serious consequences. Among many blood diseases, its pathologies associated with the volume of plasma are also common.
The essence of hypovolemia
The thyroid gland is important in the activity of the body. With her participation, a metabolism occurs, iodine production occurs, bone tissue grows. Under the influence of various factors, thyroid diseases are becoming more common.
Hypovolemia is a disease that occurs due to large blood loss and malfunctioning of the thyroid gland. Its dimensions correspond to the parameters of 20-40-20 mm, but the organ depends on body weight and changes in volume at certain stages of life: it increases during pregnancy, puberty and decreases after reaching old age.
Causes of Hypovolemia
The thyroid gland does not necessarily decrease due to age-related reasons.
Causes of hypovolemia:
- pituitary disease;
- underdevelopment of the thyroid gland (hypoplasia);
- organ atrophy;
- vasodilation collapse (vasodilation, inappropriate for the mass of circulated blood);
- high vascular permeability;
- increased hydrostatic pressure in arterioles;
- increased venous pressure;
- insufficient fluid intake in the body;
- prolonged significant blood loss;
- blood loss during burns;
- state of shock.
The most common cause of hypovolemia is hypoplasia: the gland synthesizes fewer hormones, which is why disorders occur in the body.
It happens that with a decrease in blood volume, the content of thyroid hormones decreases. The indicated type of hypovolemia is accompanied by weight gain, deterioration of the hair condition, dry skin, and menstrual crashes in women. If untreated, there is a risk of infertility.
A fetus that does not receive during the development of thyroid hormones and iodine will suffer from hypovolemia of the thyroid gland, a congenital disease is not excluded.
The baby, predisposed to the disease, is characterized by increased body weight, it is characterized by lethargy and calm, slow weight gain, the safety of infant jaundice. Hormone deficiency will affect the development of the fetus, both mental and physical. Therefore, observation and timely treatment of the disease is necessary.
Autoimmune thyroiditis - a disease on the basis of which hypovolemia is possible; this manifests itself as a cessation of the production of thyroid hormones and is used as the main indicator in diagnosing the degree of the disease.
The prerequisites for the development of the disease are: chronic stress, physical overwork, poor-quality food (the presence of carcinogens), iodine deficiency, poor ecology, and genetic features.
Symptoms
Signs of hypovolemia are not all identified with the disease, patients explain it with fatigue and normal state. The disease has similar symptoms to dehydration.
Symptoms of hypovolemia are:
- swelling of the face and body;
- low temperature and pressure;
- tachycardia;
- decreased urine output;
- instability of the nervous system;
- apathy, lethargy, fainting;
- digestive upset;
- metabolic disease;
- dry skin
- low hemoglobin;
- voice change;
- compaction in the thyroid gland;
- weakened immunity and frequent diseases;
- decreased sex drive, infertility;
- slowdown in child development.
Additional signs of hypovolemia can be: cyanosis of the mucous membranes and skin, convulsions of the extremities, dizziness, weak pulse.
Kinds
Depending on the proportionality of the elements and plasma, they speak of several types of disease.
- Normocytemic hypovolemia. This is a general decrease in blood volume with a stable level of elements per plasma volume. Reasons: acute blood loss, shock, vasodilation collapse. This condition is characteristic of the first time after the loss of blood.
- Oligocytemic: the percentage of shaped elements drops significantly. Causes: a state of weakness due to blood loss, erythropenia with burns. The condition leads to the cessation of access of oxygen to the body. Do not do without an urgent blood transfusion.
- Polycythemic. This is hypovolemia, characterized by a decrease in plasma volume, the causes of which are dehydration due to prolonged diarrhea and vomiting, polyuria, increased sweating, impaired water regimen, and blood becomes viscous.
Hypovolemia is acute, arising in the process of blood loss, and chronic, which develops after providing medical assistance to the victim.
Degrees of Hypovolemia
The highest degree of manifestation of hypovolemia is replaced by hypovolemic shock. The following degrees of exacerbation of the disease are distinguished:
- Easy. Blood loss is about 15% of the total. There is a drop in blood pressure, rapid pulse, tachycardia, pallor of the skin, insufficient blood supply to the extremities, dry mouth, and weakness.
- Medium. Blood loss approaches 40%, the condition is severe, the pressure is up to 90 mm, the pulse is rapid, breathing is arrhythmic, sweating, cyanosis, pallor, drowsiness, and the need for high-quality fresh air are expressed. Sometimes - vomiting, fainting, decreased urine.
- Heavy. Blood loss is up to 70%, pressure is up to 60 mm, the pulse is poorly audible, tachycardia, impaired consciousness, convulsions, panting are expressed. The condition is unsafe for life, can lead to death.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis is based on the clinical picture. The list of studies is assigned depending on the characteristics of the pathology that entailed a drop in the volume of blood circulating in the body.
The basis of diagnosis involves:
- determination of hematocrit;
- blood chemistry;
- general blood analysis;
- blood type determination.
If hypovolemia provoked by internal bleeding is confirmed, diagnostic laparoscopy is performed.
Treatment
A diagnosis of hypovolemia requires hormone replacement therapy in combination with diet and iodine intake to stabilize the condition. Patients will have long-term treatment, and if it is impossible to improve the function of the thyroid gland, it persists throughout life.
The primary goal of treating hypovolemia is to restore the norm of circulating blood volume with proteins, electrolytes, and donated blood. To do this, infuse solutions of dextrose, saline, polyionic solutions. If a steady effect does not occur, intravenous administration of plasma substitutes (dextran, gelatin, hydroxyethyl starch) is used.
With non-critical fluid loss, an oral medication is prescribed, and with a severe degree of hypovolemia, intravenous administration. Typically, the patient is injected with isotonic saline, appropriate in a state of shock and hypotension. Further measures to restore blood volume are carried out independently, preparing sugar-salt solutions, providing access to fresh air and maintaining an acceptable temperature in the room.
To stop the subsequent destruction of the organ, it is necessary to concentrate the treatment on autoimmune thyroiditis, the hypothalamic-pituitary system, and iodine deficiency.
If there is a source of bleeding, surgical hemostasis is performed. If a shock condition has become the cause of insufficient blood volume, anti-shock therapy is performed. In case of respiratory failure, the patient is provided with mechanical ventilation.
Therapy problems
During treatment, patients are forced to encounter problems such as the effects of drug therapy, and improvement is accompanied by the development of other diseases or side effects.
An equally serious circumstance is the short-term effect of drugs of considerable cost, as well as the peculiarity of the effect of the drug: an oral dose disrupts the microflora of the gastrointestinal tract.
As for the patient’s condition, due to the instability of the hormonal background, his mood does not allow him to fully relax in order to enjoy life.
Effects
Severe hypovolemia in the absence of medical intervention passes into hypovolemic shock, which is a threat to life.
A decrease in blood volume entails a violation of the activity of internal organs, which, in the presence of diseases, complicates the patient's condition and treatment.
Prevention
To prevent hypovolemia, it is necessary to monitor the condition of the heart, blood vessels, and kidneys. Of great importance is properly provided assistance with heavy blood loss. It must be borne in mind that incorrect actions can lead to the death of the patient.
As prophylaxis, you can specify the prevention of injuries, the timely detection of intestinal diseases, compliance with the water regime and control of water intake when changing the environment, the use of diuretics exclusively on the recommendation of a doctor.