The article will focus on the great leader of the golden age of Russian literature - A. S. Pushkin (date of birth - June 6, 1799). The life and work of this wonderful poet even today do not cease to interest educated people.
The main dates of the biography of Pushkin A. S .:
- 1799-1837 - years of the poet's life;
- 1799-1811 - childhood and adolescence;
- 1811-1817 - years of study;
- 1817-1820 - the life period in St. Petersburg;
- 1820-1822 - a trip to the Crimea and the Caucasus;
- 1824-1825 - link to Mikhailovsky.
Origin and childhood
The date of birth of Pushkin in the new style, as mentioned above, is considered June 6, 1799. The great poet was born in Moscow, in the Lefortovo region. According to the family tree of Pushkin, his father, Sergei Lvovich, belonged to an impoverished noble family. The poetâs mother, Hannibal Nadezhda Osipovna, whose roots lead to hot Ethiopia, was the granddaughter of Abram Hannibal, the son of an Abyssinian prince, captured and delivered to Constantinople, where he was bought and donated to Peter the Great. In Russia, he was baptized, and Peter I himself became the spiritual father. Having received his education, he rose to the rank of general-general.
The genealogy of Pushkin treasured and proud. Parents, passionate about social life, did not pay due attention to their children, and there were three of them in the family. French tutors were involved in the development of children, which is why little Sasha got good knowledge of the French language. He spent his early childhood in the village of Zakharovo, near Moscow, with his grandmother. Nadezhda Osipovna devoted a lot of time to her grandson, Alexander, with whom she read, was engaged in spelling. In the village of a young genius, the nanny Arina Rodionovna took care of her, who instilled in her pupil a love of folk art. Subsequently, he will devote a message to her, in which he will express tremulous love and care. From an early age, Alexander joined Russian poetry. Creative evenings, which often took place in the parental home, favorably contributed to the early development of Pushkin's literary work.
Studying in Tsarskoye Selo
In 1811, the twelve-year-old young man, Alexander, at the insistence of his uncle, the then-famous poet Pushkin Vasily Lvovich, enrolled in Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum, where it was planned to educate children of the highest noble rank. Exact sciences were difficult for the future poet, academic performance was below average. Being in the Lyceum, the young man first discovered a talent for poetry.
The poetic gift was recognized not only by fellow lyceum students, including Ivan Pushchin, Wilhelm Kuchelbecker, but also by Derzhavin, Zhukovsky, Karamzin, known in the literary world. His first poem, âTo a Poet Friend,â is published in the journal âVestnik Evropyâ, at the same time young Alexander is enlisted in the ranks of the new generation poets union âArzamasâ.
Youth in St. Petersburg
In these years of Pushkin's life, he was becoming a poet. In 1817, having completed his studies, Pushkin assumed the duties of Secretary of State at the College of Foreign Affairs of St. Petersburg. But unlike his fellow practitioners, he prefers creativity instead of service. In the period from 1818 to 1820, Alexander Sergeevich led a hectic social life: he visited theaters, restaurants, and actively participated in literary meetings of the Arzamas Society. It was during this period that he finished writing a fairy tale in the form of the poem "Ruslan and Lyudmila." Communication of the âson of the Fatherlandâ with the Decembrists does not pass without a trace, as a result of which political poems are born one after another: âOn Arakcheevaâ, âTowards Chaadaevâ, âLibertyâ, âVillageâ. His loyalty to the rebels causes discontent among the authorities, he is listed as not a trustworthy citizen.
Journey south
The fruits of creation, in which the poet shows the ideas of independence, freedom of thought and opinion, a national upsurge, make him famous in political circles. Enormous success has been written by him the famous ode "Liberty." Interest in Pushkinâs work is growing. This leads to the fact that Emperor Alexander I declares his intention to send Alexander Sergeyevich to Siberia. And only the high authority and diligence of Karamzin and Zhukovsky save him from a terrible fate. At the end of spring 1820, Alexander Sergeyevich was removed from Moscow, executing an official transfer to the south. Life in the south begins with relaxation. Together with the family of the hero Raevsky, he goes to the North Caucasus, and from there - to the Crimea, where he lives in Gurzuf for several weeks.
Life on the Black Sea coast among vineyards inspires the poet to the next stage of creativity and deep thought. In September this year, he goes to Chisinau, where he becomes a member of the Masonic lodge. During his exile, he drew several outstanding works: The Bakhchisarai Fountain, Gavriliada, The Prisoner of the Caucasus, The Prisoner, The Song of the Thing Oleg and many other poems. The spring of 1823 was the beginning of work on the poetic novel "Eugene Onegin", in the same year the poet was transferred to serve in Odessa under the guidance of Count Vorontsov. A year later, Alexander Sergeevich, at the request of Vorontsov himself, with whom he had not quite good relations, was removed from service. In July 1823, the dismissed Pushkin from Odessa was sent to this link, under strict paternal supervision, in the village of Mikhailovskoye in the Pskov province.
Link to Mikhailovsky
These years of Pushkinâs life were very difficult. The days of the poetâs stay in the village of Mikhailovsky after a quarrel and departure of his parents are held in complete solitude, under the surveillance of officials. And only communication with the old nanny and neighbors of the nearby estate, the Osipov-Wulf family, brightened his life. At this difficult time for the poet, he continues to write, resigned to his fate, and returns to the begun "Eugene Onegin." He manages to write many poems and poems, including: âBoris Godunov,â On Alexander I â,â Count Nulin â,â Davydova â,â On Vorontsov â.
The Decembrist rebellion of 1825 becomes a turning point in the life path of the poet. In September 1826, he was called to an audience with the king. Nicholas I, who took the throne after Alexander I, by his decree gives Pushkin complete freedom in choosing a place of residence and takes it under his protection, thereby appointing himself the sole censor of the poet. With the beginning of the power of Nicholas I, Alexander Pushkin received popular fame, from now on for the public elite he is an all-Russian celebrity. Pushkinâs work is directed to the history of the Russian state, to the image of Tsar Peter the Great. He will write "Stans", "Poltava", begins to work on the work "Arap of Peter the Great."
Matchmaking
Freed from exile, Pushkin lives in two capitals. In the spring of 1828, at one of the social balls, he met the charming Natalia Goncharova. Having made her an offer and not having received an answer, the poet leaves the Caucasus without the approval of the authorities, where meanwhile there is a war with Turkey. This journey makes an indelible impression on him, which he conveys in the poems "The Caucasus" and "Collapse", as well as in the essays "Journey to Arzrum." Upon returning to the northern capital, the poet is reprimanded from the emperor for an unauthorized trip and permanent supervision is established, which will last until his death. In 1830, Pushkin repeatedly wooed Natalia Nikolaevna Goncharova, and his proposal was accepted.
First Boldin Autumn
After the engagement, Pushkin leaves for his fatherâs family estate in Boldino to solve the inheritance issue. In the neighboring village of Kistenevo, the father allocated 200 son of serfs to his son in the form of initial family capital. The outbreak of the cholera epidemic led to prolonged quarantine, entry into Moscow was banned, and Alexander Pushkin was forced to stay in Boldino for three months.
It is this time of year for the poet will be the peak of his work. During this time, he will write a number of unique works: âThe Tale of the Priest and his Workman Baldaâ, âLittle Tragediesâ, âBelkin's Talesâ, âDemonsâ, âElegyâ, âFarewellâ and many other poems.
Marriage
In February 1831, the long-awaited wedding with Natalia Goncharova took place in Moscow. Due to financial difficulties, the poet and his wife are moving to St. Petersburg. Due to lack of funds , the Pushkin family is renting a summer cottage in Tsarskoye Selo, where he continues to work hard. The poet finishes writing the novel Eugene Onegin, which he began to create 8 years ago.
In the summer of 1831, Alexander Pushkin watched with particular excitement the events taking place in Poland at that time. The defeat of the uprising by Russian troops will be sung by him in the most great-power verses of our poetry: âBefore the tomb of the saint ...â, âSlanderers of Russiaâ, âBorodino anniversaryâ. The wife, Natalia Nikolaevna, is far from political storms, she leads a secular lifestyle, walks a lot, meets her husband's friends in St. Petersburg, the Empress is crazy about her. Endowed with natural beauty, Natalie has many admirers not only among the court gentlemen, but also among high-ranking officials.
Trip to the Volga and the Urals
In 1833, Pushkin became seriously interested in the Pugachev revolt, he studied the list of sources about Pugachev, bothered about access to archival materials, and about the suppression of the popular revolt. To restore the painting completely, the poet goes on a trip to the Volga and the Urals, to personally visit the places of those events and hear stories about the leader of the Peasant War - Emelyan Pugachev.
Returning from a trip in the fall of 1933, the poet turns into his native estate, in Boldino. He zealously begins writing great works: âThe History of Pugachevâ, âThe Bronze Horsemanâ, âThe Tale of the Dead Princess and the Seven Knightsâ, âThe Tale of the Fisherman and the Fishâ. Pushkin creates the poem "Autumn", begins to work on the story "Queen of Spades."
Chamber junker
On the eve of 1834, the emperor granted Alexander Pushkin a court rank. At the court of Imperial Majesty, he becomes a junker chamber. The poet himself considers this title offensive to his age. Moreover, he understands that this is not a merit of himself, but of the beauty of his wife Natalia. He was hindered by a poor financial situation, as Pushkinâs family grew, the maintenance of four children required the necessary expenses, the salary was small, the published books didnât bring large profits, and only the emperorâs permission to publish new publications could correct his poor condition.
He founded the journal Sovremennik, in which the works of N. V. Gogol, A. I. Turgenev, V. A. Zhukovsky, P. A. Vyazemsky are printed, do not bring commercial success. Alexander Sergeyevich takes a loan from the government for the publication of âThe History of Pugachev,â hoping to receive a large income from the sale of the circulation. Unfortunately, only half of the published circulation was sold. Pushkin is left not only without a fee for his enormous work, but also is in debt.
The duel and death of the poet
The last years of Pushkin's life were not easy. Lack of money, slander, a series of intrigues that affect the honor of his wife and himself, lead the poet to anger. The last straw was the receipt of the âcuckold orderâ by mail, which implied the betrayal of his wife with George Dantes, lieutenant of the cavalry guard regiment. Due to his unrestrained and scandalous nature, he cannot swallow insults and defends the honor and dignity of his family. Alexander Pushkin provokes an opponent to a duel. A friend and a second Konstantin Danzas are trying to stop him.
The date of the Pushkin duel was scheduled for January 27, 1837 near the Black River. The duel was conducted without the right of the first shot, so Dantes beat the poet and wounded him in the stomach. The date of the Pushkin duel became fatal for him. Despite a mortal wound, Pushkin continues the fight. Dantes was wounded with a second shot, but the wound was not serious, and nothing threatened his life. You can not say about Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin, whose date of death was inexorably approaching. He, bleeding, is taken home, where doctors fought for his life for two days. But January 29, 1837 becomes the tragic date of Pushkin's death. The body is transported without special ceremonies to the Pskov province. Where is Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin buried? At the cemetery of the Svyatogorsky monastery.
The tragic death of the poet became an irreplaceable loss not only for Russia, but for the whole of humanity. The talent of Alexander Pushkin (years of life - 1799-1837) and his contribution to Russian literature are invaluable. His works have become outstanding educational achievements worldwide.